COVID-19-associated seizures may be common, linked to higher risk of death

Some hospitalized patients with COVID-19 experience 'nonconvulsive' seizures detected through electrode tests. Among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, those who had seizures were more likely to need lengthy hospital stays and faced a higher risk of dying.

Fast, portable test can diagnose COVID-19 and track variants

Clinicians using a new viral screening test can not only diagnose COVID-19 in a matter of minutes with a portable, pocket-sized machine, but can also simultaneously test for other viruses -- like influenza -- that might be mistaken for the coronavirus. At the same time, they can sequence the virus, providing valuable information on the spread of COVID-19 mutations and variants.

Mothers bear the cost of the pandemic shift to remote work

At the same time the pandemic was expanding the number of people working remotely, children nationwide began attending school virtually. The result? An increase in domestic work that fell disproportionately on the shoulders of mothers, according to a new study by sociologists.

How comorbidities increase risks for COVID patients

Comorbidities such as heart disease, respiratory disease, renal disease and cancer lead to an increased risk of death from COVID-19, according to new research.

Why SARS-CoV-2 replicates better in the upper respiratory tract

Researchers have assessed virus growth and activation of the cellular defense mechanisms in the respiratory tract. They have shown that natural temperature differences that exist in the upper and lower respiratory tract have a profound influence on SARS-CoV-2 replication and subsequent innate immune activation in human cells. The findings can help to develop antiviral drugs and preventive measures.

Temperature sensor could help safeguard mRNA vaccines

Researchers have developed a tamper-proof temperature indicator that can alert health care workers when a vial of vaccine reaches an unsafe temperature for a certain period, which could help ensure distribution of effective mRNA vaccines.

B.1.1.7 variant of COVID-19 spreading rapidly in United States

A genetic analysis of virus samples suggests that the UK-originating variant, which is 40-50 percent more transmissible, entered the country in late November 2020.

Information for Healthcare Professionals about Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Resources for Healthcare Professionals Caring for COVID-19 Patients

Mice naturally engage in physical distancing

Researchers have identified a brain circuit that prevents male mice from trying to mate with sick females.

Can drinking cocoa protect your heart when you're stressed?

Increased consumption of flavanols - a group of molecules occurring naturally in fruit and vegetables - could protect people from mental stress-induced cardiovascular events such as stroke, heart disease and thrombosis, according to new research.

Firms recruit dark personalities for earnings management

Dark personality traits are often framed as an accidental byproduct of selecting managers who fit the stereotype of a strong leader. However, research finds that this is often no accident.

Millennials and Generation Z are more sustainability-orientated -- even when it comes to money, researchers find

The younger generations are willing to put their money where their mouth is when it comes to sustainable living. In a study questioning both commitment to sustainable behaviors and willingness to trade better pay to work for a more sustainable-minded company, the surveyed young adults in Japan made their preferences clear.

More support needed for two children in every class with hidden language disorder

Psychologists suggests schools could introduce quieter alternatives to playtime to help children with developmental language disorder.

Psychological interventions can reduce engine idling and improve air quality

New research has found that using low-cost psychological interventions can reduce vehicle engine idling and in turn improve air quality, especially when there is increased traffic volume at railway level crossings.

Pumping the 'brain brake' in pediatric anxiety

A new study reveals that an evidence-based treatment may 'fix' a human short circuit that leads to anxiety and, with the help of brain imaging, might predict treatment outcomes for adolescents with anxiety disorders. Researchers say this could determine medication effectiveness more quickly to help patients.

Targeted opioid that hones in on inflamed tissues stops colitis pain without side effects

A targeted opioid that only treats diseased tissues and spares healthy tissues relieves pain from inflammatory bowel disease without causing side effects, according to new research.

Study ratifies link of processed meat to cardiovascular disease and early death

The information comes from the diets and health outcomes of 134,297 people from 21 countries spanning five continents, who were tracked by researchers for data on meat consumption and cardiovascular illnesses.

Guidance for Adult Day Services Centers

Strategies for administrators and staff to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in Adult Day Service Centers (ADSCs). ADSCs provide social or health services to community-dwelling adults aged 65 and over and adults of any age living with disability.

Turning back the clock on a severe vision disorder

Children born with a severe form of Leber congenital amaurosis are blind from birth. Researchers have developed a gene therapy that not only stops but reverses the damage to cone photoreceptor cells in a canine model of the condition.

Exercise, healthy diet in midlife may prevent serious health conditions in senior years

Regular exercise and a healthy diet for middle-aged adults may be key to achieving optimal cardiometabolic health later in life. Cardiometabolic health risk factors include the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of health conditions such as excess body fat around the waist, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes.

Experimental treatment offers hope of fertility for early menopausal women

Menopause typically signals the end of a woman's ability to become pregnant. However, in a small new study, a novel approach of administering platelet-rich plasma and gonadotropins near the ovarian follicles is showing promise in restoring ovarian function.

How to talk to people about climate change

New research may offer some insight, examining biases towards climate information and offering tools to overcome these and communicate climate change more effectively.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Hospitalizations

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new hospitalizations.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Cases

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new cases.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Deaths

CDC works with partners to bring together weekly forecasts for COVID-19 deaths in one place. These forecasts have been developed independently and shared publicly. It is important to bring these forecasts together to help understand how they compare with each other and how much uncertainty there is about what may happen in the upcoming four weeks.

Reporting County-Level COVID-19 Vaccination Data

CDC's COVID Data Tracker provides county-level COVID-19 vaccination data in the United States. This site provides an integrated, county view of key data for monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. It allows users to explore standardized data

Variant Proportions in the U.S.

CDC uses data provided through its national SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance program to estimate the proportion of variants circulating in the United States. These data inform national and state public health actions.

The 'one who causes fear' - new meat-eating predator discovered

Superbly preserved braincase of this new species is an important find - it suggests there was a greater diversity and abundance of abelisaurids late in dinosaurs' era than previously thought.

Kumon or Montessori? It may depend on your politics, according to new study of 8,500 parents

Whether parents prefer a conformance-oriented or independence-oriented supplemental education program for their children depends on political ideology, according to a study of more than 8,500 American parents.

Synthetic mucus can mimic the real thing

Researchers have generated synthetic mucins with a polymer backbone that more accurately mimics the structure and function of naturally occurring mucins. They also showed that these synthetic mucins could effectively neutralize the bacterial toxin that causes cholera.

Degrees of happiness? Formal education does not lead to greater job satisfaction

There is almost no relationship between formal educational attainment and job satisfaction, according to new research.

Selenium supplementation protects against obesity and may extend lifespan

Adding the nutrient selenium to diets protects against obesity and provides metabolic benefits to mice, according to a new study.

Open-label placebo works as well as double-blind placebo in irritable bowel syndrome

In a randomized clinical trial, researchers found participants with moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) who were knowingly treated with a pharmacologically inactive pill -- referred to as an honest or open-label placebo -- reported clinically meaningful improvements in their IBS symptoms.

Stopping the sickness: Protein may be key to blocking a nauseating bacterium

Researchers have discovered a protein that could be key to blocking the most common bacterial cause of human food poisoning in the United States.

Screams of 'joy' sound like 'fear' when heard out of context

People are adept at discerning most of the different emotions that underlie screams, such as anger, frustration, pain, surprise or fear, finds a new study. Screams of happiness, however, are more often interpreted as fear when heard without any additional context, the results show.

Kids' metabolic health can be improved with exercise during pregnancy: here's why

Many previous studies have linked increased maternal body weight and unhealthy diets to poorer metabolic outcomes in offspring, often many years later. Understanding the mechanisms of how maternal exercise can reverse these effects might lead to interventions that prevent these diseases transmitting across generations.

Researchers reveal SARS-CoV-2 distribution and relation to tissue damage in patients

A new study to measure SARS-CoV-2 viral load in a variety of organs and tissues may aid our understanding of how COVID-19 develops following infection.

Factors that may predict next pandemic

New modeling identifies country-specific human and human-influenced environmental factors associated with disease outbreaks. A country's land area, human population density, and area of forest are associated with zoonotic diseases, like COVID-19. Human development index, average annual temperature, and health expenditure predict other kinds of disease.

If You Have Pets

Until we learn more about how this virus affects animals, treat pets as you would other human family members to protect them from a possible infection.

Chronic inflammatory liver disease: Cell stress mechanisms identified

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory disease of the bile ducts and is difficult to treat, since its causes have not yet been adequately researched. An international research consortium has now succeeded in identifying a new prognostic factor for PSC from liver biopsies. This is so-called cellular ER stress.

Cardiorespiratory fitness improves grades at school

Studies indicate a link between children's cardiorespiratory fitness and their school performance: the more athletic they are, the better their marks in the main subjects. Similarly, cardiorespiratory fitness is known to benefit cognitive abilities. But what is the real influence of such fitness on school results? Researchers tested pupils from eight Geneva schools. Their results show that there is an indirect link with cardiorespiratory fitness influencing cognitive abilities, which in turn, influence school results.

Scientists identify molecular pathway that helps moving cells avoid aimless wandering

Working with fruit flies, scientists say they have identified a new molecular pathway that helps steer moving cells in specific directions. The set of interconnected proteins and enzymes in the pathway act as steering and rudder components that drive cells toward an 'intended' rather than random destination, they say.

Fasting can be an effective way to start a diet

Those who need to change their eating habits to normalize their blood pressure should start with a fast. Scientists explain why patients can use it as a tool to improve their health in the long term.

Prime editing enables precise gene editing without collateral damage

The latest gene editing technology, prime editing, expands the 'genetic toolbox' for more precisely creating disease models and correcting genetic problems, scientists say.

Unique AI method for generating proteins will speed up drug development

Artificial Intelligence is now capable of generating novel, functionally active proteins. The new results represent a breakthrough in the field of synthetic proteins.

Experimental hearing implant succeeds in registering brain waves

Researchers have succeeded for the first time in measuring brain waves directly via a cochlear implant. These brainwaves indicate in an objective way how good or bad a person's hearing is. The research results are important for the further development of smart hearing aids.

Type of glaucoma linked to increased risk of cognitive impairment

A type of glaucoma called normal-tension glaucoma is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and possibly dementia, finds new research.

Remote-friendly student project presentations enable creativity and risk-taking

In a two-year study that could help guide educators developing the post-pandemic new normal, student groups at the assigned to make video presentations showed more creativity and risk-taking than groups making conventional in-person presentations.

An improved safety standard for bionic devices

While bionic devices are very safe, there has been no standard test for moisture leakage into the devices - until now. Researchers say a standard test will be increasingly important as bionic implants become more common.

Scientists develop test to detect the virus that causes COVID-19 even when it mutates

Scientists have developed a diagnostic test, which makes use of CRISPR, that can detect the virus that causes COVID-19 even after it has gone through mutations. Since viruses have the ability to evolve over time, a diagnostic test robust against potential mutations is a crucial tool for tracking and fighting the pandemic.

Protein rewires metabolism to block cancer cell death, may allow cancer spread

One specific protein may be a master regulator for changing how cancer cells consume nutrients from their environments, preventing cell death and increasing the likelihood the cancer could spread, a study has shown.

Drug coupons and vouchers cover only a sliver of prescription drugs

Use of vouchers and coupons offered by pharmaceutical companies to defray patients' out-of-pocket drug costs is concentrated among a small number of drugs.

Air pollution and physical exercise: When to do more or less

Physical activity is important in preventing heart and blood vessel disease in young people so long as they don't undertake very strenuous activity on days when air pollution levels are high, according to a nationwide study of nearly 1.5 million people published in the European Heart Journal.

Scientists use nanotechnology to detect bone-healing stem cells

Researchers have developed a new way of using nanomaterials to identify and enrich skeletal stem cells -- a discovery which could eventually lead to new treatments for major bone fractures and the repair of lost or damaged bone.

Preparing for COVID-19 in Nursing Homes

Guidance for nursing homes and other long-term care facilities to take steps to assess and improve their preparedness for responding to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

State Public Health Veterinarians and Animal Health Officials

Recommendations, guidance and other tools for state public health veterinarians and animal health officials to help slow the spread of COVID-19.

Performing Broad-Based Testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Congregate Correctional, Detention, and Homeless Service Settings

Standardized procedure for broad-based testing for SARS-CoV-2 in congregate settings: Considerations for health departments and healthcare providers

Differences in herpes virus symptoms may relate to variations in strain gene expression

Why do some people with cold sores around their lips experience painful lesions, while others have no symptoms at all, yet still spread the virus? A new study finds that these differences could be due to variations in the way certain strains of herpes simplex (HSV-1) -- the virus that causes cold sores, as well as genital herpes -- activate gene expression in neurons.

GlyNAC improves multiple defects in aging to boost strength and cognition in older humans

GlyNAC - a combination precursors of the natural antioxidant glutathione - improved many age-associated defects in older humans boosting muscle strength and cognition.

COVID-19 Electronic Laboratory Reporting Implementation by State

CDC has been rapidly onboarding state and jurisdictional health departments to a more detailed form of COVID-19 electronic laboratory reporting (CELR). See which states have converted to electronic laboratory reporting.

Activity is good: Varied activity is better

The recommendations are clear: physical activity is good for mental health. But it also depends on how varied it is. That's what a new study shows, pointing to one of the reasons why well-being suffers during the pandemic.

How cells transport molecules with 'active carpets'

New fundamental physics research provides insights on the process of diffusion in complex systems such as living organisms. This new theoretical framework has broad implications for active surfaces, such as ones found in bacterial biofilms, active coatings, and pathogen-clearance mechanisms for human health.

Doubling down on headache pain

It's not uncommon for people who experience a concussion to have moderate to severe headaches in the weeks after the injury. A new study has found a combination of two drugs, both common anti-nausea medications, given intravenously in the emergency room may relieve those headaches better than a placebo.

Detecting for carpal tunnel syndrome with a smartphone game

A research group developed a game application for smartphones that estimates the possibility of carpal tunnel syndrome with machine learning. The program acquires the trajectory of the thumb during a game play in 30 sec -- 1 minute, and detects the possibility of the disease.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Home Page

People with Certain Medical Conditions

People of Any Age with Underlying Medical Conditions

Evidence used to update the list of underlying medical conditions that increase a person's risk of severe illness from COVID-19

Supporting evidence for CDC's list of underlying medical conditions that put individuals at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19.

Underlying Medical Conditions Associated with High Risk for Severe COVID-19: Information for Healthcare Providers

Guidance for clinical healthcare workers on clinical care for patients with underlying medical conditions who are diagnosed with COVID-19.

COVID-19 Questions and Answers: For People Who Use Drugs or Have Substance Use Disorder

People who use drugs or have substance use disorder and medical professionals can find information about drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic.

How will climate change affect hailstorms?

Hail severity will increase in most regions of the world while Australia and Europe are expected to experience more hailstorms as a result of climate change, an international review led by a UNSW Sydney researcher has found.

COVID-19 Travel Recommendations by Country

Search COVID-19 risk assessment by country larger map

Procedures identify Barrett's esophagus patients at risk for cancer progression

A combination of esophageal brushing and extensive genetic sequencing of the sample collected can detect chromosome alterations in people with Barrett's Esophagus, identifying patients at risk for progressing to esophageal cancer, according to a new study.

People with severe gum disease may be twice as likely to have increased blood pressure

Research shows that periodontitis, severe gum disease, is linked to higher blood pressure in otherwise healthy individuals. This study of 500 adults with and without gum disease found that approximately 50% of adults could have undetected hypertension. Promotion of good oral health could help reduce gum disease and the risk of high blood pressure and its complications.

Cells rely on their crampons to avoid slipping

Scientists have highlighted the key role of a protein called paxillin, which enables cells to perceive their environment and anchor at the right place with the help of cellular 'crampons'. Indeed, without functional paxillin, the cell is unable to attach properly and slips continuously. These results shed new light on how cells adhere or migrate, mechanisms essential to the good functioning of our organs, but also involved in the development of metastatic tumors.

Long-term space travelers will need high-intensity exercise to protect heart health

Sustained low-intensity exercise does not completely counteract the effects of weightlessness on the heart muscle, which will atrophy over time in a gravity-free environment. Short bursts of repeated high-intensity activity during shorter space missions may be more successful in keeping the heart healthy.

Federal Register Notice: Temporary Halt in Residential Evictions to Prevent the Further Spread of COVID-19

Dr. Robert Redfield signed a declaration determining that the evictions of tenants could be detrimental to public health control measures to slow the spread COVID-19

Eat me: The cell signal of death

Scientists have revealed molecular mechanisms involved in eliminating unwanted cells in the body. A nuclear protein fragment released into the cytoplasm activates a plasma membrane protein to display a lipid on the cell surface, signalling other cells to get rid of it.

Signals from muscle protect from dementia

Scientists are studying how signals sent from skeletal muscle affect the brain.

How teeth sense the cold

An ion channel called TRPC5 acts as a molecular cold sensor in teeth and could serve as a new drug target for treating toothaches.

Hypnosis changes the way our brain processes information

In a new study, researchers showcased that the way our brain processes information is fundamentally altered during hypnosis. The research helps to understand how hypnosis produces changes in a hypnotized person's behavior and subjective experiences.

Correcting altered brain circuit could tackle coinciding obesity and depression

Researchers have identified and characterized a novel neural circuit that mediates the reciprocal control of obesity and depression in mouse models, and a potential therapy.

Cholesterol may be key to new therapies for Alzheimer's disease, diabetes

A researcher examined the role of cholesterol in both Alzheimer's disease and Type 2 diabetes to identify a small molecule that may help regulate cholesterol levels in the brain, making it a potential new therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.

California's diesel emissions rules reduce air pollution, protect vulnerable communities

Since 1990, California has used its authority under the federal Clean Air Act to enact more aggressive rules on emissions from diesel vehicles and engines compared to the rest of the U.S. Extending these standards to the rest of the U.S. could dramatically improve the nation's air quality and health, particularly in lower income communities of color, finds a new analysis.

What Older Adults Need to Know about COVID-19 Vaccines

The risk of severe illness from COVID-19 increases with age, which is why the CDC recommends older adults receive COVID-19 vaccines.

Developing Vaccines Quickly

A description of how COVID-19 vaccines were developed, tested, authorized, and distributed quickly while maintaining the same high safety standards required for all vaccines.

Social Media Toolkit: COVID-19 Vaccinations

Messages and graphics to support COVID-19 vaccination efforts.

Should you take fish oil? Depends on your genotype

Fish oil supplements are a billion-dollar industry built on a foundation of purported, but not proven, health benefits. Now, new research indicates that taking fish oil only provides health benefits if you have the right genetic makeup.

More protein doesn't mean more strength in resistance-trained middle-aged adults

A 10-week muscle-building and dietary program involving 50 middle-aged adults found no evidence that eating a high-protein diet increased strength or muscle mass more than consuming a moderate amount of protein while training. The intervention involved a standard strength-training protocol with sessions three times per week. None of the participants had previous weightlifting experience.

New genetic clues point to new treatments for 'silent' stroke

Scientists have identified new genetic clues in people who've had small and often apparently 'silent' strokes that are difficult to treat and a major cause of vascular dementia, according to new research.

Stressed brain linked to broken heart

Heightened activity in the brain, caused by stressful events, is linked to the risk of developing a rare and sometimes fatal heart condition called Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as 'broken heart' syndrome, according to new research.

Size of grass blades offers better understanding of their vulnerability to climate change

More than 11,000 grass species -- including wheat, corn, rice and sugarcane -- account for the bulk of the world's agricultural food production and important biofuels. Research published today in the journal Nature provides insights that scientists could use not only to improve crop design but also to more accurately model the effects of climate change. It also offers new clues that could help scientists use leaf fossils to better interpret the climate of the ancient past.

Relieve your stress, relieve your allergies

Through a series of experiments using nasal polyp organ culture and mouse models of restraint stress, researchers unveil relationship between presence of corticotropin-releasing stress hormone and increase in and degranulation of allergy-causing mast cells.

Scientists develop antibacterial gel bandage using durian husk

Food scientists have made an antibacterial gel bandage using the discarded husks of the popular tropical fruit, durian.

Non-drug therapies as good as or better than drugs for treating depression in people with dementia

Non-drug therapies, such as exercise, appear to be as, or more, effective than drugs for reducing symptoms of depression in people with dementia, suggests new research.

Miscarriage linked to increased risk of early death

Women who experience a miscarriage appear to be more likely to die prematurely (before age 70), particularly from cardiovascular disease, than women with all other pregnancy outcomes, suggests new research.

Even small increases in NO2 levels could be linked to heightened risk of heart and respiratory death

Even small increases in nitrogen dioxide levels in the air may be linked to increases in cardiovascular and respiratory deaths, according to new research.

Repurposed heart and flu drugs may help body fight sepsis

Researchers discovered that patient survival from sepsis is associated with higher platelet counts, and identified two currently available drugs that protect these blood cells and improve survival in mice with sepsis.

Narcissism driven by insecurity, not grandiose sense of self

Narcissism is driven by insecurity, and not an inflated sense of self, finds a new study, which may also explain what motivates the self-focused nature of social media activity.

Exposure to flame retardants early in pregnancy linked to premature birth

Expectant women are more likely to give birth early if they have high blood levels of a chemical used in flame retardants compared with those who have limited exposure, a new study finds.

Moderate daily caffeine intake during pregnancy may lead to smaller birth size

Pregnant women who consumed the caffeine equivalent of as little as half a cup of coffee a day on average had slightly smaller babies than pregnant women who did not consume caffeinated beverages, according to a new study.

Wisdom, loneliness and your intestinal multitude

Scientists have taken the connection between wisdom, loneliness and biology one step further, reporting that wisdom and loneliness appear to influence -- and/or be influenced by -- microbial diversity of the gut.

Want a longer, healthier life? Resolve your arguments by day's end

A recent study found that when people feel they have resolved an argument, the emotional response associated with that disagreement is significantly reduced and, in some situations, almost entirely erased.

A novel marker of adult human neural stem cells discovered

Researchers have discovered BASP-1, a novel biomarker of adult human neural stem cells. With this newly discovered biomarker, scientists can better understand the relevance and intricate mechanisms of neurogenesis, which may lead to new future therapeutic approaches to treat and manage neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders associated with diminished neurogenesis.

Lung cancer resistance: the key is glucose

Lung tumors are home to immune cells that affect their growth and resistance to treatment. Looking at neutrophils, scientists led by EPFL have discovered that the key might lie in the cells' ability to metabolize glucose, opening an entirely new target for improving radiotherapy.

The world's earliest stone technologies are likely to be older than previously thought

A new study has found that Oldowan and Acheulean stone tool technologies are likely to be tens of thousands of years older than current evidence suggests.

Study illuminates the molecular details of lung development

Findings from a new study on lung development should empower the search for better treatments for lung diseases.

Your COVID-19 Vaccination

How to get a vaccine, what you need to know before your appointment, and what you can do when you are fully vaccinated.

Reporting COVID-19 Vaccination Data for Long-Term Care Facilities

CDC is using both new and existing information technology (IT) systems to rapidly collect reliable data about how many doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been delivered (distribution) and how many people have been vaccinated with those doses (administration)

About COVID-19 Vaccine Delivered and Administration Data

CDC is using both new and existing information technology (IT) systems to rapidly collect reliable data about how many doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been delivered (distribution) and how many people have been vaccinated with those doses (administration)

Reporting Trends in Number of COVID-19 Vaccinations

CDC's COVID Data Tracker provides trends data on the number of COVID-19 vaccines administered in the United States.

Workplace Vaccination Program

To keep your workplace healthy, consider offering free, on-site COVID-19 vaccination at your business locations.

Failed your New Year resolution again? Join the club

New research which surveyed participants from the UK and Australia has found that despite having the best intentions, most people give up on their New Year resolutions within the first month.

Frequent consumption of meals prepared away from home linked to increased risk of early death

Dining out is a popular activity worldwide, but there has been little research into its association with health outcomes. Investigators looked at the association between eating out and risk of death and concluded that eating out very frequently is significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause death, which warrants further investigation.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Burn Rate Calculator

Use this tool to plan and optimize the use of PPE for response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Scientists find evidence that novel coronavirus infects the mouth's cells

Scientists has found evidence that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, infects cells in the mouth. The findings point to the possibility that the mouth plays a role in transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to the lungs or digestive system via saliva laden with virus from infected oral cells. A better understanding of the mouth's involvement could inform strategies to reduce viral transmission within and outside the body.

COVID-19 vaccines may not produce sufficient antibody response in transplant recipients

When clinical trials were conducted to determine the immunogenicity -- the ability to elicit an immune response -- for the first two vaccines marshaled against SARS-CoV-2the virus that causes COVID-19, one group was not among those included: people who have received solid organ transplants and others (such as those with autoimmune disorders) who are immunocompromised.

DHA supplement may offset impact of maternal stress on unborn males

Researchers have uncovered possible reasons for male vulnerability in the womb, and they've learned a specific maternal dietary supplement called docosahexanoic acid (DHA) may guard against the impact of maternal stress on unborn males during early development.

Containing the coronavirus effects on the nervous system

Researchers have identified ways to prevent the spread of infection within the central nervous system (CNS).

COVID-19 and Animals

Animals and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

When Vaccine is Limited, Who Gets Vaccinated First?

Because the supply of COVID-19 vaccine in the United States is expected to be limited at first, CDC recommends that initial supplies of COVID-19 vaccine be allocated to healthcare personnel and long-term care facility residents. CDC made this recommendation on December 3, 2020, and based it on recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), an independent panel of medical and public health experts.

Information about COVID-19 Vaccines for People with Allergies

If you've had an allergic to any ingredient in an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, you shouldn't get either of the currently available mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.

COVID-19 Vaccines that Require 2 Shots

If you receive a Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, you will need 2 shots to get the most protection.

Large-scale genome analysis identifies differences by sex in major psychiatric disorders

Psychiatric researchers have identified interactions between genes and sex that might partly explain how major psychiatric disorders affect males and females differently.

Anabolic androgenic steroids accelerate brain aging

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), a synthetic version of the male sex hormone testosterone, are sometimes used as a medical treatment for hormone imbalance, and its use is known to have many side effects, ranging from acne to heart problems to increased aggression. A new study now suggests that AAS can also have deleterious effects on the brain, causing it to age prematurely.

Leaky blood-brain barrier linked to brain tissue damage in brain aging disease

Now a new study has found that people with cerebral small vessel disease who have blood-brain barrier leakage had more brain tissue damage over two years than people with less blood-brain barrier leakage.

What to Expect at Your Appointment to Get Vaccinated for COVID-19

Because COVID-19 is a new disease with new vaccines, you may have questions about what happens before, during, and after your appointment to get vaccinated. These tips will help you know what to expect when you get vaccinated, what information your provider will give you, and resources you can use to monitor your health after you are vaccinated.

Shining a healing light on the brain

Scientists report a novel noninvasive treatment for brain disorders based on breakthroughs in both optics and genetics. It involves stimulation of neurons by means of radioluminescent nanoparticles injected into the brain and exposed to X-rays.

Zooming in on muscle cells

An international team has produced the first high-resolution 3D image of the sarcomere, the basic contractile unit of skeletal and heart muscle cells, by using electron cryo-tomography. Electron cryo-tomography capability of imaging structures directly in frozen muscle cells could translate into future medical treatments for muscle diseases and a better understanding of the aging process.

Variant Proportions in the U.S.

CDC uses data provided through its national SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance program to estimate the proportion of variants circulating in the United States. These data inform national and state public health actions.

SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, have been reported in many countries around the world. Learn more about the current variants of concern.

Frequently Asked Questions about v-safe

Get help using v-safe, the health checker for COVID-19 vaccinations.

Three common antiviral drugs potentially effective against COVID-19

Three commonly used antiviral and antimalarial drugs are effective in vitro at preventing replication of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

Cases, Data, and Surveillance

CDC is aggressively responding to the global outbreak of COVID-19 and preparing for the potential of community spread in the United States.

National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS)

Learn about the National Wastewater Surveillance System, a new public health tool to understand COVID-19 spread in a community.

How humans develop larger brains than other apes

A new study is the first to identify how human brains grow much larger, with three times as many neurons, compared with chimpanzee and gorilla brains. The study identified a key molecular switch that can make ape brain organoids grow more like human organoids, and vice versa.

Capturing the structure of large molecular complexes

Capturing the structure of large molecular complexes with variable shape is an extremely difficult task. Scientists now have been able to do it - thanks to a new approach regarding an important protein machine.

Toolkit: One Health Approach to Address Companion Animals with SARS-CoV-2

This toolkit provides recommendations for public health and animal health officials involved in managing companion animals diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2.

Shame of contracting COVID-19 can prevent individuals declaring infection to authorities

Feelings of shame and stigmatisation at the idea of contracting COVID-19 are linked to lower compliance of social distancing and the likelihood of reporting infection to authorities and potential contacts in Italy, South Korea and the USA.

Do you know the way to Berkelium, Californium?

Scientists have demonstrated how to image samples of heavy elements as small as a single nanogram. The new approach will help scientists advance new technologies for medical imaging and cancer therapies.

Interim Guidance for Homeless Service Providers to Plan and Respond to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Interim guidance for homeless service providers to plan and respond to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Previous Forecasts of Total Deaths

Forecasts show national and state level cumulative reported and predicted deaths since the beginning of the pandemic.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Deaths

CDC works with partners to bring together weekly forecasts for COVID-19 deaths in one place. These forecasts have been developed independently and shared publicly. It is important to bring these forecasts together to help understand how they compare with each other and how much uncertainty there is about what may happen in the upcoming four weeks.

Previous COVID-19 Forecasts: Hospitalizations

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new hospitalizations.

Previous COVID-19 Forecasts: Cases

Forecasts show national and state level cumulative reported and predicted deaths since the beginning of the pandemic. CDC is working with partners to bring together weekly COVID-19 forecasts in one place.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Cases

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new cases.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Hospitalizations

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new hospitalizations.

Rugby study identifies new method to diagnose concussion using saliva

A study of top-flight UK rugby players has identified a method of accurately diagnosing concussion using saliva, paving the way for the first non-invasive clinical test for concussion.

Researchers hunt for drugs that keep HIV latent

When the human immunodeficiency virus infects cells, it can either exploit the cells to start making more copies of itself or remain dormant -- a phenomenon called latency. Keeping these reservoirs latent is a challenge. A new paper has found a way to look for chemicals that can keep the virus suppressed into its dormant state.

BMI1, a promising gene to protect against Alzheimer's disease

A molecular biologist discovers a new function for BMI1, which is known to counteract brain aging.

Exercise boosts blood flow to the brain, study finds

It's not just your legs and heart that get a workout when you walk briskly; exercise affects your brain as well. A new study shows that when older adults with mild memory loss followed an exercise program for a year, the blood flow to their brains increased.

Total knee replacement a cost-effective treatment for patients with knee osteoarthritis

Taking into consideration costs of forgoing versus pursuing total knee replacement, researchers found that across older and younger age groups, TKR is a cost-effective treatment for these patients.

Reading minds with ultrasound: A less-invasive technique to decode the brain's intentions

A new brain imaging application uses ultrasound to predict intended movements before they happen.

Variances in critical protein may guide fate of those infected with SARS CoV-2

Why does COVID-19 seem to strike in such a haphazard way, sometimes sparing the 100-year-old grandmother, while killing healthy young men and women in the prime of life? A new study may offer some tentative clues. The research explores MHC-I, a critical protein component of the human adaptive immune system.

Deaths from COVID-19 have progressively declined at nursing homes, researchers find

New data collected and analyzed by researchers at Brown University shows that mortality rates among nursing home residents with COVID-19 declined from March to November 2020, and that the deadliest period of time for nursing home residents followed the pandemic's arrival, when the virus spiked in spring 2020.

People affected by COVID-19 are being nicer to machines

Researchers report that people affected by COVID-19 show more goodwill to humans and to human-like autonomous machines. The findings suggest that the coronavirus crisis helped close the gap between people and technology.

Babies prefer baby talk, whether they're learning one language or two

A study finds babies prefer baby talk, whether they're learning one language or two. Scientists knew infants learning one language preferred the sing-song tones of parents' baby talk, and now scientists have found babies learning two languages are developmentally right on track. Bilingual babies showed the same interest in baby talk, at the same age, as monolingual babies.

Ventilation

CDC recommends a layered strategy to reduce exposures to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This includes using multiple mitigation strategies with several layers of safeguards to reduce the spread of disease and lower the risk of exposure.

v-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry

V-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry

COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Toolkit for Essential Workers: Getting Started

The CDC has designed a toolkit to help community-based organizations (CBOs) educate communities about new COVID-19 vaccines.

Selected Adverse Events Reported after COVID-19 Vaccination

COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines, and these vaccines will undergo the most intensive safety monitoring in U.S. history. CDC recommends you get a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as you are eligible. Adverse events described on this page have been reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

Parkinson's gene may impair how new neurons are made throughout our lifetime

The Parkinon's gene PINK1 is important for the generation of dopamine-producing neurons throughout life, and is not just responsible for the premature death of these neurons.

When You've Been Fully Vaccinated

Recommendations on what activities people can do after they have been fully vaccinated, including how to gather safely with vaccinated and unvaccinated people.

About CDC COVID-19 Data

CDC reports COVID-19 case counts, deaths, and laboratory testing numbers daily online. Data on the COVID-19 website and CDC's COVID Data Tracker are based on the most recent numbers reported by states, territories, and other jurisdictions. Data are dependent on jurisdictions' timely and accurate reporting.

As more are vaccinated, it makes economic sense to gradually open the economy, study finds

Researchers conducted a data analysis that has found that as a larger portion of the population gets vaccinated against COVID-19, it becomes economically advantageous to start relaxing social distancing measures and open businesses.

Refining the hunt for SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater

A new study determines the best method yet for finding signs of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in municipal wastewater.

COVID-19 pandemic severely impacts mental health of young people

The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted the mental health of young people, with increased levels of clinical depression being identified, a new study reports. A decrease in alcohol consumption was also identified amongst young people during the pandemic.

Study outlines testing strategies for safer air travel during the pandemic

Almost 90 percent of infectious travelers could be detected with rapid SARS-CoV-2 tests at the airport, and most imported infections could be prevented with a combination of pre-travel testing and a five-day post-travel quarantine that would only lift with a negative test result, according to new research.

High vitamin D levels may protect against COVID-19, especially for Black people, study suggests

In a retrospective study of individuals tested for COVID-19, vitamin D levels above those traditionally considered sufficient were associated with a lower risk of COVID-19.

Long-haul COVID: Physicians review what's known

With more patients complaining of lingering and chronic effects from COVID-19, experts review what's known and why care for long-haulers requires an interdisciplinary approach.

Study identifies concerning delays in TB diagnoses in the United States

Most delays ranged between 10 and 45 days, with a median of 24 days, after a visit to a doctor, which exceeds current World Health Organization recommendations of diagnosing and treating TB within two to three weeks of symptom onset. Delays were linked to greater risk for disease complications, transmission of infection to household members Older individuals and those with compromised immunity were at greater risk for delayed diagnoses

Fans prefer teams that built success over time more than with purchased super

A new study shows people were willing to root more for the teams built over time than those assembled from free agency and deep-pocketed owners.

A strong coffee half an hour before exercising increases fat-burning

In the afternoon, the effects of the caffeine are more marked than in the morning.

Starving tumors by blocking glutamine uptake

Scientists have identified a drug candidate that blocks the uptake of glutamine, a key food source for many tumors, and slows the growth of melanoma.

Inflammation and pressure-sensing leads to 'feed-forward' loop in osteoarthritis

An unfortunate biological 'feed-forward' loop drives cartilage cells in an arthritic joint to actually contribute to progression of the disease, say researchers. Excessive loading under inflammatory conditions can create a situation that can lead to progressive cartilage degeneration.

Why commercialization of carbon capture and sequestration has failed and how it can work

There are 12 essential attributes that explain why commercial carbon capture and sequestration projects succeed or fail in the U.S., researchers say.

COVID-19 Travel Recommendations by Country

Search COVID-19 risk assessment by country larger map

Percent of Delivered First Vaccine Doses Administered by U.S. States and Territories

States and jurisdictions assess their efforts at vaccinating their community and monitor the percentage of the vaccine supply delivered that has been administered.

Operational Strategy for K-12 Schools through Phased Prevention

Operational Strategy for K-12 Schools through Phased Mitigation

The astonishing self-organization skills of the brain

Uncovering how neural circuits achieve a balance between excitation and inhibition.

Cells burn more calories after just one bout of moderate aerobic exercise, OSU study finds

In a recent study testing the effects of exercise on overall metabolism, researchers found that even a single session of moderate aerobic exercise makes a difference in the cells of otherwise sedentary people.

Bacteria may aid anti-cancer immune response

Cancer immunotherapy may get a boost from an unexpected direction: bacteria residing within tumor cells. Researchers have discovered that the immune system "sees" these bacteria and shown they can be harnessed to provoke an immune reaction against the tumor. The study may also help clarify the connection between immunotherapy and the gut microbiome, explaining the findings of previous research that the microbiome affects the success of immunotherapy.

Deluge of DNA changes drives progression of fatal melanomas

Australian researchers have revealed how melanoma cells are flooded with DNA changes as this skin cancer progresses from early, treatable stages through to fatal end-stage disease.

Does 'harsh parenting' lead to smaller brains?

A study shows that harsh parenting practices in childhood have long-term repercussions for children's brain development. Repeatedly getting angry, hitting, shaking or yelling at children is linked with smaller brain structures in adolescence, according to a new study

Eating processed meat could increase dementia risk

Eating processed meat has been linked with an increased risk of developing dementia, say researchers exploring a potential link between consumption of meat and development of dementia.

'Hunger hormone' ghrelin affects monetary decision making

Higher levels of the stomach-derived hormone ghrelin, which stimulates appetite, predict a greater preference for smaller immediate monetary rewards over larger delayed financial rewards, a new study finds.

Weekly insulin helps patients with type 2 diabetes achieve similar blood sugar control to daily insulin

A new once-weekly basal insulin injection demonstrated similar efficacy and safety and a lower rate of low blood sugar episodes compared with a daily basal insulin, according to a phase 2 clinical trial. The study results compared an investigational drug called basal insulin Fc (BIF) with insulin degludec, a commercially available long-lasting daily insulin, in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Medical cannabis can reduce essential tremor: Turns on overlooked cells in central nervous system

Medical cannabis can reduce essential tremor in mice. By injecting a specific synthetic cannabinoid into the spinal cord of mice suffering from essential tremor, researchers have shown that the drug can reduce involuntary shaking - as the cannabinoid activates a particular type of cell, the so-called astrocytes.

New antibiotic clears multi-drug resistant gonorrhea in mice in single dose

A new antibiotic compound clears infection of multi-drug resistant gonorrhea in mice in a single oral dose, according to a new study. The compound targets a molecular pathway found in bacteria but not humans and could lead to new treatments for gonorrhea and infections from other bacteria, such as tuberculosis and MRSA.

Endocrine disruptors threatens semen quality

Epidemiologists analyzed the potential impact of endocrine disruptors on semen quality of men whose mothers were working at the early stages of their pregnancy. Their results show that men who have been exposed in utero to products known to contain endocrine disruptors are twice more likely to have semen volume and total sperm count per ejaculation below the reference values set by the WHO.

Hidden genetic defects contain real risks for serious diseases

Researchers have gained insight into the 'hidden genetic defects' of the general European population. This is important because these defects, if inherited from both father and mother, can lead to all kinds of illnesses in their children. Research in the Dutch and Estonian population shows that every person has two to four such hidden genetic defects.

How flashlight fish communicate with light signals in the school

Flashlight fish have the ability to generate situation-specific blink patterns resembling a visual Morse code. Researchers have shown in laboratory and field experiments that the animals use these light signals to coordinate their behavior in the school when visibility is limited. Both the light intensity and the blinking frequency affected the animals' behavior.

Health declining in Gen X and Gen Y, US study shows

Recent generations show a worrying decline in health compared to their parents and grandparents when they were the same age, a new national study reveals. Researchers found that, compared to previous generations, members of Generation X and Generation Y showed poorer physical health, higher levels of unhealthy behaviors such as alcohol use and smoking, and more depression and anxiety.

Difficulty learning nonsense words may indicate a child's high risk of dyslexia

A combined brain-scanning and behavior study has explored dyslexia in 7 & 8-year-old children learning how to read. Dyslexic youngsters were shown to have different activation in the left hemisphere compared to the control group - the area of the brain that specializes in processing language and speech. A related study by the group also found that self-confidence in reading ability helps young readers overcome some of the symptoms of dyslexia.

How RNA editing affects the immune system

Researchers offer new insight into how the immune system relates to cancer. A new articl looks at how an enzyme called ADAR1 operates in pathways associated with cancer.

Study shows stronger brain activity after writing on paper than on tablet or smartphone

A study of university students and recent graduates has revealed that writing on physical paper can lead to more brain activity when remembering the information an hour later. Researchers say that the unique, complex, spatial and tactile information associated with writing by hand on physical paper is likely what leads to improved memory.

Combination therapy may provide significant protection against lethal influenza

A significant proportion of hospitalized patients with influenza develop complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Investigators have found that treatment with an immune receptor blocker in combination with an antiviral agent markedly improves survival of mice infected with lethal influenza and reduces lung pathology in swine-influenza-infected piglets. Their research also provides insights into the optimal timing of treatment to prevent acute lung injury.

Chemical cocktail creates new avenues for generating muscle stem cells

A research team has identified a chemical cocktail that enables the production of large numbers of muscle stem cells, which can self-renew and give rise to all types of skeletal muscle cells.

Pancreatic cancer tumors use multiple mechanisms to avoid starvation: new target for treatment?

Researchers describe how pancreatic cancer cells use an alternative method to find necessary nutrients, defying current therapies, to help them grow and spread.

Babies pay attention with down payment from immature brain region

Using an approach that uses fMRI (or functional magnetic resonance imaging) to scan the brains of awake babies, a team of university psychologists show that when focusing their attention infants under a year of age recruit areas of their frontal cortex, a section of the brain involved in more advanced functions that was previously thought to be immature in babies.

Double duty: Gut's immune system helps regulate food processing, too

The small intestine is ground zero for survival of animals. It is responsible for absorbing the nutrients crucial to life and it wards off toxic chemicals and life-threatening bacteria. Researchers report the critical role played by the gut's immune system in these key processes. The immune system, they found, not only defends against pathogens but regulates which nutrients are taken in.

Parsing dopamine's different pain sensitivity role in males, females

Males and females, generally speaking, experience and respond to pain differently, but scientists have yet to understand all the brain circuits involved in these differences. Now, new research shows how neurons use dopamine to regulate pain differently in male and female mice.

A leap forward in research on CAR T cell therapy

A study looked into how CAR T immunotherapy could be used to treat solid tumors in addition to leukemias. The programming of CAR T cells opens avenues for applying cell therapies to, for example, breast cancer or ovarian cancer in the future.

System detects errors when medication is self-administered

Researchers have developed a system that uses wireless radio signals and artificial intelligence to detect errors in patients' use of inhalers and insulin pens. The technology could reduce unnecessary hospital admissions caused by poor adherence to certain medication administration guidelines.

Common, serious gut disorder is under- and often misdiagnosed

Rumination syndrome is little known, but relatively common. It involves effortless, repeated regurgitation. This uncomfortable and embarrassing syndrome can be confused with other upper gastrointestinal disorders. Proper diagnosis is important because the treatment is very different from what is advised for similar gastrointestinal conditions.

How gamblers plan their actions to maximize rewards

A study in biological psychology has shown that habitual gamblers use strategies during reinforcement learning that differ from those of the control group. This difference could be caused by changes in the dopamine system that influence strategic planning.

Anti-inflammatory therapies have potential to prevent heart disease in the elderly

Therapies that soothe inflammation could be effective at preventing heart disease in older people with a common blood condition, a new study suggests.

Dieting suppresses 'cellular engines', weight loss surgery gives boost to mitochondria

Dieting impairs the energy-producing machinery of fat tissue, potentially resulting in weight regain. In contrast, as indicated by a recent study, weight loss surgery gives a boost to mitochondria, improving the gene expression of these cellular engines.

Muscle cramp? Drink electrolytes, not water

If you reach for water when a muscle cramp strikes, you might want to think again. New research has revealed drinking electrolytes instead of pure water can help prevent muscle cramps.

Animal model opens way to test Alzheimer's disease therapies

Our knowledge of Alzheimer's disease has grown rapidly in the past few decades but it has proven difficult to translate fundamental discoveries about the disease into new treatments. Now researchers have developed a model of the early stages of Alzheimer's disease in rhesus macaques. The macaque model could allow better testing of new treatments.

Exposure to common chemical during pregnancy may reduce protection against breast cancer

Low doses of propylparaben - a chemical preservative found in food, drugs and cosmetics - can alter pregnancy-related changes in the breast in ways that may lessen the protection against breast cancer that pregnancy hormones normally convey, according to new research.

Scientists shrink pancreatic tumors by starving their cellular 'neighbors'

Scientists have demonstrated that blocking 'cell drinking,' or macropinocytosis, in the thick tissue surrounding a pancreatic tumor slowed tumor growth--providing more evidence that macropinocytosis is a driver of pancreatic cancer growth and is an important therapeutic target.

A modified protein appears to trigger lung fibrosis after environmental exposure

Research shows how cadmium and carbon black can trigger lung macrophages to produce a modified protein, citrullinated vimentin, which leads to lung fibrosis. Researchers also describe mechanistic steps in lung macrophages and lung fibroblasts that leads to the lung scarring. One enzyme involved in these steps, PAD2, may be a promising target to attenuate cadmium/carbon black-induced fibrosis. The study also reports a potential mouse disease model for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Parental burnout hits individualist Western countries hardest

It's a first: approximately 100 scientists in 42 countries joined forces to learn about the incidence of parental burnout. They found that Western countries are the most affected by parental burnout. The cause? The often individualistic culture of Western countries. This international study, shows how culture, rather than socio-economic factors, plays a predominant role in parental burnout.

Cellular benefits of gene therapy seen decades after treatment

Researchers have shown that the beneficial effects of gene therapy can be seen decades after the transplanted blood stem cells has been cleared by the body.

Feeding cattle seaweed reduces their greenhouse gas emissions 82 percent

A bit of seaweed in cattle feed could reduce methane emissions from beef cattle as much as 82 percent, according to new findings from researchers at the University of California, Davis.

New bioink brings 3D-printing of human organs closer to reality

Researchers have designed a new bioink which allows small human-sized airways to be 3D-bioprinted with the help of patient cells for the first time. The 3D-printed constructs are biocompatible and support new blood vessel growth into the transplanted material. This is an important first step towards 3D-printing organs.

Elusive protein complex could hold the key to treating chromosomal disorders

The cells in our body are constantly fighting off the threat of cancer by repairing damaged DNA. In a new study, scientists investigate the structure of an elusive protein complex that plays a key role in the activation of the 'Fanconi anemia pathway' involved in DNA repair, and report on the factors governing its stability. Their insights can potentially help find novel treatments disorders involving chromosomal instability, including cancer.

Solving ancient problem of nucleic acid synthesis helps to design new antiviral drugs

Scientists have solved a long-standing mystery of how living organisms distinguish RNA and DNA building blocks during gene expression paving the way for the design of new antiviral drugs.

Stimulating the immune system to fight cancer

Cancer cells have evolved mechanisms to escape the body's immune defense. Agents that prevent immune escape are attractive targets for the development of new cancer therapies. Scientists have now developed a new cell-based test system to identify immunoregulatory modulators. Screening a library of over 150,000 substances revealed several potent substances with unprecedented structure.

COVID-19 transmission rare in schools with masking, distancing, contact tracing, study finds

Wearing masks, social distancing and frequent hand-washing have kept in-school COVID-19 transmission low, according to results of a pilot study in Missouri aimed at identifying ways to keep elementary and secondary schools open and safe during the pandemic.

Stroke risk higher than expected among COVID-19 patients

Analysis of data from the American Heart Association's COVID-19 CVD Registry of more than 20,000 U.S. adults hospitalized with COVID-19 through November 2020 found that, overall, COVID-19 patients had an increased risk of stroke compared with patients who had influenza or sepsis. COVID-19 patients with ischemic stroke were more likely to be older, male, Black race or have high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes or an irregular heartbeat.

Substantially higher burden of COVID-19 compared to flu, new research shows

A new study compares the impact of COVID-19 on patients and hospital resources versus the impact of influenza.

CDC Science Agenda for COVID-19

CDC Science Agenda for COVID-19

Identifying cells to better understand healthy and diseased behavior

Neuroscientists, using existing tools such as graphical models, can better identify cells in the brain. The algorithm has major implications for developmental diseases like Alzheimer's since once scientists can understand the mechanism of a disease, they can find interventions. The algorithm greatly accelerates the speed of analyzing whole-brain data and supports crowdsourcing where the larger neuroscience community can test the algorithm and build atlases.

COVID-19 Pandemic Planning Scenarios

CDC and ASPR have developed five COVID-19 Pandemic Planning Scenarios that are designed to help inform decisions by modelers and public health officials who utilize mathematical modeling. The planning scenarios are being used by mathematical modelers throughout the Federal government. Models can help evaluate the potential effects of different community mitigation strategies and help hospital administrators in assessing resource needs.

COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review

A review of the week's key data from CDC's COVID Data Tracker, narrative interpretations, and visualizations.

Alcohol and Substance Use

Increased stress can lead to increases in alcohol and substance use. If you or someone you care about is starting to use alcohol or other substances, or is increasing their use during the COVID-19 pandemic, there are resources that may help.

Operating schools during COVID-19: CDC's Considerations

CDC offers considerations for ways in which schools can help protect students, teachers, administrators, and staff and slow the spread of COVID-19.

Science Briefs

CDC is learning more about how COVID-19 spreads and affects people and communities. Learn more by viewing scientific briefs and agendas.

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in K-12 schools

COVID-19 transmission in schools is associated with community transmission. Transmission spread within schools can be limited with strict implementation of layered mitigation strategies.

Data on COVID-19 during Pregnancy: Birth and Infant Outcomes

Data provided on pregnant women with COVID-19 and their infants include information about the timing of infection during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes, and whether the newborn tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

What brings olfactory receptors to the cell surface

A team of scientists has now identified address codes in odorant receptor proteins for the first time. Similar to zip codes, the codes ensure that the sensor proteins are targeted from inside the cell to the cell surface. The new findings could contribute to the development of novel test systems with which the odorant profiles of foods can be better controlled.

Not just for numbers: Anchoring biases decisions involving sight, sound, and touch

New research shows that the marketing communication technique of anchoring is not limited to decisions that involve numbers, the use and understanding of which require high-level cognitive thinking. Anchoring also biases judgments at relatively low levels of cognition when no numbers are involved.

Pressure sensors could ensure a proper helmet fit to help protect the brain

Many athletes, from football players to equestrians, rely on helmets to protect their heads from impacts or falls. However, a loose or improperly fitted helmet could leave them vulnerable to traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), a leading cause of death or disability in the U.S. Now researchers have developed a highly sensitive pressure sensor cap that, when worn under a helmet, could help reveal whether the headgear is a perfect fit.

COVID-19 Vaccination for Communities

Protect your community. Get answers to common questions and accurate information about COVID-19 vaccines.

COVID-19 Vaccines for Teachers, School Staff, and Childcare Workers

Teachers and staff in pre-Kindergarten to grade 12 (pre-K-12 schools) and childcare workers are prioritized for COVID-19 vaccines.

Long-Term Care Facilities COVID-19 Vaccination

Learn the 10 things healthcare professionals need to know about where U.S. COVID-19 vaccination planning currently stands.

Eating before 8:30 a.m. could reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes

People who start eating before 8:30 a.m. had lower blood sugar levels and less insulin resistance, which could reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, according to a new study.

The role of adult playfulness in romantic life

While play and playfulness have been studied well in children, their structure and consequences are understudied in adults. A new article highlights available research on this topic and also examines why playfulness is important in romantic relationships.

Evidence of 55 new chemicals in people

Scientists have detected 109 chemicals in a study of pregnant women, including 55 chemicals never before reported in people and 42 'mystery chemicals,' whose sources and uses are unknown.

Researchers identify head impact rates in four major high school sports

A new study used head impact sensors in four different sports and studied male and female athletes to determine which of these sports put students at the highest risk for head impacts that could lead to concussions.

Novel coronavirus circulated undetected months before first COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China

Using molecular dating tools and epidemiological simulations, researchers estimate that the SARS-CoV-2 virus likely circulated undetected for two months before the first human cases of COVID-19 were described in Wuhan, China in late-December 2019.

Leaders take note: Feeling powerful can have a hidden toll

Feeling psychologically powerful makes leaders feel that their job is more demanding, which can be both beneficial and harmful.

How pregnancy turns the stress response on its head

Researchers found two simultaneous conditions during pregnancy in response to stress that made them realize just how complex the cross-talk between mom and baby is during gestation: Immune cells in the placenta and uterus were not activated, but significant inflammation was detected in the fetal brain.

Second-wave COVID mortality dropped markedly in (most) wealthier zones

Mathematical analysis of COVID mortality rates in the United States and Europe shows that second-wave mortality was often greatly reduced -- particularly in wealthier European countries and the northeast of the U.S.

Non-invasive skin swab samples are enough to quickly detect COVID-19, a new study finds

Researchers have found that non-invasive skin swab samples may be enough to detect COVID-19.

Modeling a safe new normal

Researchers used anonymized cell-phone data to build a Business Risk Index, which quantifies the potential risk of COVID-19 transmission in restaurants and bars, schools and universities, nail salons and barbershops.

Possible cause of mystery condition that leaves people paralysed

Researchers believe they may have discovered a possible cause of a mystery condition that can leave sufferers suddenly unable to walk, talk or see.

Correctional and Detention Facilities

Resources for Correctional and Detention Facilities

COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Toolkit for Community-Based Organizations: Getting Started

The CDC has designed a toolkit to help community-based organizations (CBOs) educate communities about new COVID-19 vaccines.

It's snowing plastic

Researchesr have developed a new technique that is orders of magnitude more sensitive than any of the other current methods used for tracing plastic in the environment. It allows scientists to detect ultra-trace quantities of many of the most common soluble and insoluble plastics in snow, water, rainfall, and even in soil samples once they have been separated - down to the level of a picogram.

New study predicts changing Lyme disease habitat across the West Coast

The findings of a recent analysis suggest that ecosystems suitable for harboring ticks that carry debilitating Lyme disease could be more widespread than previously thought in California, Oregon and Washington.

Research shows how mutations in SARS-CoV-2 allow the virus to dodge immune defenses

In lab-dish experiments, the mutant virus escaped antibodies from the plasma of COVID-19 survivors as well as pharmaceutical-grade antibodies. Mutations arose in an immunocompromised patient with chronic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patient-derived virus harbored structural changes now seen cropping up independently in samples across the globe. Findings underscore the need for better genomic surveillance to keep track of emerging variants. Results highlight importance of therapies aimed at multiple targets on SARS-CoV-2 to minimize risk of resistance.

The fitter you are the better you burn fat

Physiologists find that the biggest predictors of people's ability to burn fat are their biological sex and their fitness levels.

The a7 protein is ready for its close-up

Researchers have identified the structure of a key member of a family of proteins called nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in three different shapes. The work could eventually lead to new pharmaceutical treatments for a large range of diseases or infections including schizophrenia, lung cancer, and even COVID-19.

Proportion of gun use in TV violence statistically parallels U.S. gun homicide trends

A new study shows that the proportion of gun violence relative to other forms of violence in TV dramas increased from 2000 to 2018, with statistical parallels to trends in actual gun homicides among U.S. youths.

SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via specific viral entry factors

A new study uncovers which cell types can be infected by SARS-CoV-2 due to their viral entry factors. The study also suggests that increased gene expression of these viral entry factors in some individuals partially explains the differences of COVID-19 severity reported in relation to age, gender and smoking status.

Test for Current Infection

Provides information on testing for coronavirus infection, including how to decide about testing, how to get a test, and what to do after a viral test.

Targeting a new antibody supersite key to COVID immunity

Antibodies from recovered patients recognize a lesser-known site on the pandemic coronavirus and block infection in lab studies.

Ultrasound has potential to damage coronaviruses, study finds

A new study suggests coronaviruses, including the virus that causes COVID-19, may be vulnerable to ultrasound vibrations. Simulations suggest ultrasound waves at medical imaging frequencies can cause the virus' shell and spikes to collapse and rupture.

Holiday Tips

Winter holiday gatherings with family and friends are fun but can increase the chances of getting or spreading COVID-19 or the flu. Follow these tips to make your winter holidays safer.

COVID-19 Vaccinations

Messages and graphics to support COVID-19 vaccination efforts.

Reporting COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States

Information on COVID-19 vaccination data reported in CDC's COVID Data Tracker.

Reporting Trends in Number of COVID-19 Vaccinations

CDC's COVID Data Tracker provides trends data on the number of COVID-19 vaccines administered in the United States.

Advanced mouse embryos grown outside the uterus

To observe how a tiny ball of identical cells on its way to becoming a mammalian embryo first attaches to an awaiting uterine wall and then develops into nervous system, heart, stomach and limbs: This has been a highly-sought grail in the field of embryonic development for nearly 100 years. Scientists have now accomplished this feat.

K-12 Schools and Childcare Programs

Answers to frequently asked questions concerning how administrators, teachers, and parents should respond to COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2 Testing Strategy: Considerations for Non-Healthcare Workplaces

The purpose of this document is to provide employers with strategies for consideration of incorporating testing for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, into a workplace COVID-19 preparedness, response, and control plan.

Interim Considerations for Institutions of Higher Education Administrators for SARS-CoV-2 Testing

Monitor and evaluate wearing masks as a community mitigation strategy for COVID-19 with CDC's action guide.

Interim Considerations for Health Departments for SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Homeless Shelters and Encampments

Testing Considerations in Homeless Shelters & Encampments

Interim Considerations for SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Correctional and Detention Facilities

This document is intended to provide considerations on the appropriate use of testing and does not dictate the determination of payment decisions or insurance coverage of such testing, except as may be otherwise referenced (or prescribed) by another entity or federal or state agency.

Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2

How to talk about COVID-19 vaccines with friends and family

COVID-19 vaccines are new, and it's normal to for people to have questions about them. CDC has information about how to talk to your friends and family about COVID-19 vaccines.

People with Disabilities

People with disabilities and those who support them can take steps to prevent illness and stay healthy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Percent of Delivered First Vaccine Doses Administered by U.S. States and Territories

States and jurisdictions assess their efforts at vaccinating their community and monitor the percentage of the vaccine supply delivered that has been administered.

Post Vaccine Considerations for Residents

Considerations for Long-Term Care Residents following COVID-19 Vaccination.

Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Tool for Nursing Homes Preparing for COVID-19

Use this tool to prevent and control infections in nursing homes during COVID-19.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Deaths

CDC works with partners to bring together weekly forecasts for COVID-19 deaths in one place. These forecasts have been developed independently and shared publicly. It is important to bring these forecasts together to help understand how they compare with each other and how much uncertainty there is about what may happen in the upcoming four weeks.

Previous Forecasts of Total Deaths

Forecasts show national and state level cumulative reported and predicted deaths since the beginning of the pandemic.

Previous COVID-19 Forecasts: Cases

Forecasts show national and state level cumulative reported and predicted deaths since the beginning of the pandemic. CDC is working with partners to bring together weekly COVID-19 forecasts in one place.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Cases

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new cases.

Previous COVID-19 Forecasts: Hospitalizations

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new hospitalizations.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Hospitalizations

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new hospitalizations.

About COVID-19 Vaccine Delivered and Administration Data

CDC is using both new and existing information technology (IT) systems to rapidly collect reliable data about how many doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been delivered (distribution) and how many people have been vaccinated with those doses (administration)

Reporting COVID-19 Vaccination Data for Long-Term Care Facilities

CDC is using both new and existing information technology (IT) systems to rapidly collect reliable data about how many doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been delivered (distribution) and how many people have been vaccinated with those doses (administration)

How COVID-19 Vaccines Get to You

Vaccine manufacturers; the federal government; state, local, and territorial jurisdictions; and other partners are working to make sure safe and effective vaccines are getting to you as quickly as possible. This page will help you understand the key steps in this important process and how CDC is tracking vaccine distribution, delivery, and administration throughout the United States.

Non-DNA mechanism is involved in transmitting paternal experience to offspring

A new study has made a significant advance in the field of epigenetics by identifying how environmental information is transmitted by non-DNA molecules in the sperm. It is a discovery that advances scientific understanding of the heredity of paternal life experiences and potentially opens new avenues for studying disease transmission and prevention.

Brain disease research reveals differences between sexes

Scientists highlight a growing body of research suggesting sex differences play roles in how patients respond to brain diseases, as well as multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, and other brain ailments. They are urging their colleagues to remember those differences when researching treatments and cures.

Picking up a book for fun positively affects verbal abilities

A new study shows that the more people read any kind of fiction the better their language skills are likely to be. Researchers found that people who enjoyed reading fiction for leisure and who identified as a reader scored higher on language tests, whereas those who read to access specific information scored more poorly on the same tests.

Possible Side Effects After Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine

COVID-19 vaccination will help protect you from getting COVID-19. You may have some side effects, which are a normal sign that your body is building protection. These side effects may affect your ability to do daily activities, but they should go away in a few days.

Crew Disembarkations through Commercial Travel

This webpage describes the criteria for and status of cruise ship response plans required for crew disembarkation with commercial travel.

Video-led feedback program reduces behavior problems in children as young as 12 months

A home-based parenting program to prevent childhood behavior problems, which very unusually focuses on children when they are still toddlers and, in some cases, just 12 months old, has proven highly successful during its first public health trial.

Selected Adverse Events Reported after COVID-19 Vaccination

COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines, and these vaccines will undergo the most intensive safety monitoring in U.S. history. CDC recommends you get a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as you are eligible. Adverse events described on this page have been reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

Pick up the pace! Slow walkers four times more likely to die from COVID-19, study finds

Slow walkers are almost four times more likely to die from COVID-19, and have over twice the risk of contracting a severe version of the virus, according to researchers in a new study.

v-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry

V-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry

People at Increased Risk

People Who Need to Take Extra Precautions

Double trouble for drug-resistant cancers

New research identifies chemotherapy-resistant cancers' escape mechanism, which offers new anti-cancer treatment options.

Consumption of added sugar doubles fat production

Too much sugar is unhealthy - that we know, but it's not just down to the many calories. Even moderate amounts of added fructose and sucrose double the body's own fat production in the liver, researchers have shown. In the long term, this contributes to the development of diabetes or a fatty liver.

A new way to measure human wellbeing towards sustainability

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a blueprint to achieve a better life for all and to ensure that no one is left behind. The partly overlapping and contradictory objectives of the SDGs can however make it difficult to assess overall progress. A group of researchers have proposed a new, tailor-made metric that measures development based on long-term human wellbeing.

94% of older adults prescribed drugs that raise risk of falling

The study found that the percentage of adults 65 and older who were prescribed a fall- risk-increasing drug climbed to 94% in 2017, a significant leap from 57% in 1999. The research also revealed that the rate of death caused by falls in older adults more than doubled during the same time period.

The bald truth: Altered cell divisions cause hair thinning

Researchers have identified a novel mechanism underlying hair thinning and loss during aging. By studying cell division of hair follicle stem cells in young and aged mice, the researchers found that young mice properly balance typical symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to regenerate hair follicles. However, during aging, an atypical type of asymmetric cell division emerges, leading to hair loss. This study could help develop new approaches to regulate organ aging and aging-associated diseases.

Workplace Vaccination Program

To keep your workplace healthy, consider offering free, on-site COVID-19 vaccination at your business locations.

Tweens and TV: 50-year survey reveals the values kids learn from popular shows

A new report assesses the values emphasized by television programs popular with tweens over each decade from 1967 to 2017, charting how 16 values have waxed and waned during those 50 years. How important is fame? Self-acceptance? Among the findings: Fame, after nearly 40 years of ranking near the bottom (it was 15th in 1967, 1987 and 1997), rose to the No. 1 value in 2007, then dropped to sixth in 2017.

Blight may increase public health risk from mosquito-borne diseases

Researchers published findings that blight leads to an increased abundance of disease-carrying mosquitoes. The researchers investigated the presence of several mosquito species in two adjacent but socio-economically contrasting neighborhoods in Baton Rouge: the historic Garden District, a high-income neighborhood, and the Old South neighborhood, a low-income area.

Key Things to Know About COVID-19 Vaccines

Learn the key things you need to know about the new COVID-19 vaccines.

People with Certain Medical Conditions

People of Any Age with Underlying Medical Conditions

Of mice and men and their different tolerance to pathogens

Scientists have harnessed microfluidic organs-on-chip technology to model the different anatomical sections of the mouse intestine and their symbiosis with a complex living microbiome in vitro. In a comparative analysis of mouse and human microbiomes, the researchers were able to confirm the commensal bacterium Enterococcus faecium contributes to host tolerance to Salmonella typhimurium infection.

Internet-access spending improves academic outcomes, according to study of Texas public schools

Increased internet-access spending by Texas public schools improved academic performance but also led to more disciplinary problems among students, a study of 9,000 schools shows.

Exercise during pregnancy may save kids from health problems as adults

One day soon, a woman's first trip to the doctor after conceiving may include a prescription for an exercise program.

What happens in your brain when you 'lose yourself' in fiction

If you count yourself among those who lose themselves in the lives of fictional characters, scientists now have a better idea of how that happens. Researchers found that the more immersed people tend to get into 'becoming' a fictional character, the more they use the same part of the brain to think about the character as they do to think about themselves.

COVID-19 Travel Recommendations by Country

Search COVID-19 risk assessment by country larger map

Insulin rises before cells develop resistance, new diabetes research implies

Researchers have now presented results that may change our basic view of how type 2 diabetes occurs. Their study indicates that free fatty acids (FFAs) in the blood trigger insulin release even at a normal blood-sugar level, without an overt uncompensated insulin resistance in fat cells.

Hidden link between cellular defense systems

Researchers have discovered that heparanase, HPSE, a poorly understood protein, is a key regulator of cells' innate defense mechanisms.

Guidance for COVID-19

CDC COVID-19 Guidance Documents

Lab studies of emotion and well-being may be missing real-world anxiety

Psychologists have been studying emotional health and well-being for decades, often having people engage in contrived laboratory experiments and respond to self-report questionnaires to understand their emotional experiences and the strategies they use to manage stress. But those hundreds of studies may have missed a pretty big complicating factor - baseline anxiety levels of the subjects -- argues a new study.

Drug delivery system: Injections or light irradiation?

A research team has developed near-infrared (NIR) light triggered drug delivery system.

Surgery should remain as mainstay of treatment for acute uncomplicated appendicitis: Study

A new study has found that surgery, rather than antibiotics-only, should remain as the mainstay of treatment for acute uncomplicated appendicitis.

How the brain learns from subconscious stimuli

Researchers uncovered for the first time what happens in animals' brains when they learn from subconscious, visual stimuli. In time, this knowledge can lead to new treatments for a number of conditions.

Public comments on orca conservation: future protection efforts

Researchers analyzed more than 17,000 public comments focused on orca conservation in the state of Washington and found that the most common emotional sentiments were trust, anticipation and fear.

Thirteen things primary care clinics can check to help preserve brain health

It's important to take steps to prevent cognitive decline before changes to the aging brain take hold. Primary care is an ideal setting to address specific risk factors early and throughout life that can prevent cognitive decline.

Beta-blockers not likely to cause depression yet may contribute to sleep disturbances

Depression was not more common in patients who used beta-blockers. The rate of discontinuing medications due to depression was the same for people taking beta-blockers compared to people taking other treatments. Sleep disorders, including insomnia and unusual dreams, may affect some patients taking beta-blockers.

Healthcare Facilities That Have Implemented COVID-19 Electronic Case Reporting

Healthcare Facilities That Have Implemented COVID-19 Electronic Case Reporting

Exhaustion linked with increased risk of heart attack in men

Men experiencing vital exhaustion are more likely to have a heart attack, according to new research.

How critical part of lung forms at cellular level

Researchers have determined what happens at a cellular level as the lung alveolus forms and allows newborns to breathe air. Understanding this process gives researchers a better sense of how to develop therapies and potentially regenerate this critical tissue in the event of injury.

Essential Workers & Employees: When & How to Get Vaccinated

If you're an essential worker, it's important to find out where to get vaccinated as soon as it is available to you.

COVID-19 Vaccines for People at Increased Risk for Severe Illness from COVID-19

Adults of any age with certain underlying medical conditions are at increased risk for severe illness from the virus that causes COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccines are recommended for and can be administered to most people with underlying medical conditions.

What to Expect at Your Appointment to Get Vaccinated for COVID-19

Because COVID-19 is a new disease with new vaccines, you may have questions about what happens before, during, and after your appointment to get vaccinated. These tips will help you know what to expect when you get vaccinated, what information your provider will give you, and resources you can use to monitor your health after you are vaccinated.

New tool to dissect 'undruggable' proteins through the sugars they depend on

Researchers have developed a new tool to study 'undruggable' proteins through the sugars they depend on. Almost 85 percent of proteins, including those associated with Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, inflammation, and certain cancers, are beyond the reach of current drugs. Now, with a new pencil/eraser tool, researchers can start to study how sugar molecules affect these proteins, insights that could lead to new treatments for the 'undruggable.'

Cancer cells may evade chemotherapy by going dormant

Cancer cells can dodge chemotherapy by entering a state that bears similarity to certain kinds of senescence, a type of 'active hibernation' that enables them to weather the stress induced by aggressive treatments aimed at destroying them, according to a new study. These findings have implications for developing new drug combinations that could block senescence and make chemotherapy more effective.

Vaccine-induced antibodies may be less effective against several new SARS-CoV-2 variants

Researchers find that neutralizing antibodies raised by COVID-19 vaccines are not as effective at neutralizing some new, circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.

When You Can be Around Others After You Had or Likely Had COVID-19

If you have or think you might have COVID-19, it is important to stay home and away from other people. Staying away from others helps stop the spread of COVID-19.

When to Quarantine

Quarantine If You Might Be Sick

COVID-19 Hospitalization and Death by Race/Ethnicity

Risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and death by race/ethnicity

COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review

A review of the week's key data from CDC's COVID Data Tracker, narrative interpretations, and visualizations.

Stress reduction as a path to eating less fast food

Overweight low-income mothers of young kids ate fewer fast-food meals and high-fat snacks after participating in a study - not because researchers told them what not to eat, but because the lifestyle intervention being evaluated helped lower the moms' stress, research suggests.

Preterm birth, prolonged labor influenced by progesterone balance

New research found that unbalanced progesterone signals may cause some pregnant women to experience preterm labor or prolonged labor. The study in mice provides novel insights for developing treatments.

Unique Ag-hydrogel composite for soft bioelectronics created

Researchers have developed a new silver-hydrogel composite for bioelectronics that combines high electrical conductivity with soft, stretchable biocompatibility.

New insight into how cancer spreads

Breast cancer is harmful enough on its own, but when cancer cells start to metastasize -- or spread into the body from their original location -- the disease becomes even more fatal and difficult to treat.

AI analysis of how bacteria attack could help predict infection outcomes

Insights into how bacterial proteins work as a network to take control of our cells could help predict infection outcomes and develop new treatments.

Guidance for Child Care Programs that Remain Open

For Child Care Programs That Remain Open

Toolkit for Childcare Programs

This toolkit provides web links, fact sheets, posters and other resources for childcare facilities and consumers.

COVID-19 Child Care Program Symptom Screening Flowchart

COVID-19 symptom screening flowchart for childcare facilities

Schools and Childcare Programs

Schools & Childcare: Guidance for School Settings

What to do if a Student Becomes Sick at School or Reports a New COVID-19 Diagnosis Flowchart

What to do if a Student Becomes Sick at School or Reports a New COVID-19 Diagnosis Flowchart

COVID-19 Vaccination

Protect Your Community: get answers to common questions and accurate information about the COVID-19 vaccines.

Scientists move closer to developing 'game-changing' test to diagnose Parkinson's

Results published today show it is possible to identify Parkinson's based on compounds found on the surface of skin. The findings offer hope that a pioneering new test could be developed to diagnose the degenerative condition through a simple and painless skin swab.

With gene therapy, scientists develop opioid-free solution for chronic pain

A gene therapy for chronic pain could offer a safer, non-addictive alternative to opioids. Researchers have developed the new therapy, which works by temporarily repressing a gene involved in sensing pain. It increased pain tolerance in mice, lowered their sensitivity to pain and provided months of pain relief without causing numbness.

Riding the wave to memory-forming genetics

Scientists have identified key genes involved in brain waves that are pivotal for encoding memories. The findings could eventually be used to develop novel therapies for people with memory loss disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.

The 3Rs of the genome: Reading, writing, and regulating

A massive effort to map the precise binding locations of over 400 different kinds of proteins on the yeast genome has produced the most thorough and high-resolution map of chromosome architecture and gene regulation to date.

Reflecting on your own capabilities boosts resilience

Reflecting on how you have overcome past personal challenges can help you process negative experiences, a new study confirms. Actively reminding yourself of your self-efficacy could also prove useful in the coronavirus era.

Interim Guidance for Homeless Service Providers to Plan and Respond to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Interim guidance for homeless service providers to plan and respond to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

What Older Adults Need to Know about COVID-19 Vaccines

The risk of severe illness from COVID-19 increases with age, which is why the CDC recommends older adults receive COVID-19 vaccines.

Researchers reveal 3D structure responsible for gene expression

For the first time ever, a research team has peered inside a human cell to view Mediator-bound pre-initiation complex, a multi-subunit machine responsible for regulating gene expression.

Dry eye disease negatively affects physical and mental health as well as vision

Patients suffering from dry eye disease symptoms have a lower quality of life compared to those without symptoms, a new study reports. The findings showed that patients with the condition reported negative effects on visual function, their ability to carry out daily activities and their work productivity.

Imaging the human eye: detailed images of rod and cone photoreceptors

Researchers have developed a noninvasive technique that can capture images of rod and cone photoreceptors with unprecedented detail. The advance could lead to new treatments and earlier detection for retinal diseases such as macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss.

Aspirin use for cardiovascular disease may reduce likelihood of COVID-19 infection, study finds

In a recent study, aspirin use to avoid the development of cardiovascular diseases in healthy individuals was associated with a 29 percent lower likelihood of COVID-19 infection, as compared to aspirin non-users. The proportion of patients treated with aspirin was significantly lower among the COVID-19-positive individuals, as compared to the COVID-19-negative ones. And those subjects who had been treated with aspirin were less associated with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection than those who were not.

Making decisions based on how we feel about memories, not accuracy

Memory involves both recall of specific details (who, where, when) and feelings of remembering and reliving past events. New research shows that these objective and subjective memories function independently, involve different parts of the brain, and that we make decisions based on subjective memory.

Study of mosquito protein could lead to treatments against life-threatening viruses

The mosquito protein AEG12 strongly inhibits the family of viruses that cause yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, and Zika and weakly inhibits coronaviruses, according to scientists. The researchers found that AEG12 works by destabilizing the viral envelope, breaking its protective covering. The findings could lead to therapeutics against viruses that affect millions of people around the world.

Testing Strategies for SARS-CoV-2

This guidance describes and compares different types of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) testing strategies, including their intended use and applications, regulatory requirements, and reporting requirements.

Frequently Asked Questions about Coronavirus (COVID-19) for Laboratories

Answers to frequently asked questions regarding laboratory testing, biosafety and COVID-19.

Microbes may hold the key for treating neurological disorders

New research suggests that microbes in the gut may contribute to certain symptoms associated with complex neurological disorders.

Kids' blood pressure measurements different between arms, potential for misdiagnosis

Blood pressure measurements in children and adolescents should be taken from both arms after new research showed substantial differences could be seen depending on which arm was used.

Learning to help the adaptive immune system

Scientists studied the adaptive immune system as a kind of artificial intelligence that can be trained to produce the correct response to invasion by pathogens. This work may lead to more effective vaccines and immune boosting therapies.

Are 'bacterial probiotics' a game-changer for the biofuels industry?

New research suggests that the diversity of the microbial community involved in sugarcane ethanol fermentation processes plays a significant role in its performance. Selecting the right bacteria could increase ethanol production by more than a billion liters per year, considering Brazil alone.

Psychedelic science holds promise for mainstream medicine

A team of neuroscientists is uncovering how psychedelics affect brain activity. New work shows a strong connection in rodent models between brain activity and behaviors resulting from psychedelic treatment, a step forward in the quest to better understand their potential therapeutic effects.

Revealing the Many Faces of COVID-19

COVID-19 causes more delayed symptoms and longer term ailments than most any viral disease. This CDC emergency responder kept finding more and more of them.

Responder Stories

Learn about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), including symptoms, complications, transmission, prevention, treatment, and summary updates of the outbreak.

COVID-19 Electronic Laboratory Reporting Implementation by State

CDC has been rapidly onboarding state and jurisdictional health departments to a more detailed form of COVID-19 electronic laboratory reporting (CELR). See which states have converted to electronic laboratory reporting.

Cases & Deaths by County

Find national and local rates for COVID cases and deaths in the United States.

New study links protein causing Alzheimer's disease with common sight loss

Newly published research has revealed a close link between proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease and age-related sight loss. The findings could open the way to new treatments for patients with deteriorating vision and through this study, the scientists believe they could reduce the need for using animals in future research into blinding conditions.

I ain't afraid of no ghosts: People with mind-blindness not so easily spooked

The link between mental imagery and emotions may be closer than we thought.

Independent Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test Performance

In collaboration with the NCI, CDC, and BARDA, the FDA has developed a comprehensive dataset to compare the performance characteristics of different serological tests that were independently evaluated using well-characterized sample panels of positive and negative specimens for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Bacteria know how to exploit quantum mechanics

Photosynthetic organisms harvest light from the sun to produce the energy they need to survive. A new paper published by University of Chicago researchers reveals their secret: exploiting quantum mechanics.

Biomolecular analysis of medieval parchment 'birthing girdle'

Analysis of stained c. 500-year-old manuscript provides direct evidence of wear and use during childbirth. Birthing girdles are thought to have been used in medieval society to protect the wearer during pregnancy and childbirth - dangerous times for women.

Predicting motion sickness severity from virtual reality

A new study explored why the severity of motion sickness varies from person to person by investigating sources of cybersickness during VR use.

Training for Healthcare Professionals

Healthcare professionals, find trainings on PPE use, nonpharmaceutical interventions, emergency preparedness and response, and more.

Updated Healthcare Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations in Response to COVID-19 Vaccination

CDC recommended infection prevention and control (IPC) practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Strategies to Mitigate Healthcare Personnel Staffing Shortages

This guidance is to assist healthcare facilities in mitigating healthcare personnel staffing shortages that might occur because of COVID-19.

COVID-19 Published Science and Research

CDC is learning more about how COVID-19 spreads and affects people and communities. Read more about what we're finding out in our CDC publications, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report and Emerging Infectious Diseases.

Vaccination Considerations for Persons with Disabilities

This webpage provides information for people with disabilities or conditions that may increase their risk of getting and spreading COVID-19, and for their care providers.

COVID-19 Vaccination for Communities

Protect your community. Get answers to common questions and accurate information about COVID-19 vaccines.

IceCube detection of high-energy particle proves 60-year-old physics theory

On December 6, 2016, a high-energy particle hurtled to Earth from outer space at close to the speed of light. It triggered the sensors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a massive telescope buried in the Antarctic glacier. IceCube had seen a Glashow resonance event, a phenomenon predicted by Nobel laureate physicist Sheldon Glashow in 1960.

Robots can use eye contact to draw out reluctant participants in groups

Researchers published results of experiments in which robots led a Swedish word game with individuals whose proficiency in the Nordic language was varied. They found that by redirecting its gaze to less proficient players, a robot can elicit involvement from even the most reluctant participants.

Daily e-cigarette use shows 'clear benefit' in helping smokers to quit, study finds

New research shows that when used daily, e-cigarettes can help people to quit smoking, compared to no help at all.

Researchers develop guidelines for reporting polygenic risk scores

Scientists and healthcare providers are beginning to use polygenic risk scores for assessing a person's inherited risk for common complex diseases. But researchers have observed inconsistencies in how such scores are calculated and reported. To address this concern, researchers have published a framework that identifies the minimal polygenic risk score-related information that scientists should include in their studies.

Placenta is a dumping ground for genetic defects

The first study of the genomic architecture of the human placenta confirms that the normal structure of the placenta is different to any other human organ and resembles that of a tumor, harboring many of the same genetic mutations found in childhood cancers.

Face masks and the environment: Preventing the next plastic problem

Every minute of the day we throw away 3 million face masks. Many end up as potentially toxic micro- and nanoplastic or carriers for other toxicants in the environment, researchers warn.

Interim Public Health Recommendations for Fully Vaccinated People

Interim public health recommendations describing the type of activities people who are fully vaccinated can do once fully vaccinated.

Variant B.1.1.7 of COVID-19 associated with a significantly higher mortality rate, research shows

A new study finds that the highly infectious B.1.1.7 variant of COVID-19, which swept across the UK last year before spreading worldwide, is between 30 and 100 per cent more deadly than previous strains.

New lung cancer screening recommendation, starting at age 50, expands access but may not address inequities

Calling the US Preventive Services Task Force's newly released recommendation statement to expand eligibility for annual lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography a step forward, researchers say future changes should address equity and implementation issues.

Evidence review examines both benefits and harms for lung cancer screening

A comprehensive review shows there are both benefits and harms from screening.

Previous COVID-19 Forecasts: Cases

Forecasts show national and state level cumulative reported and predicted deaths since the beginning of the pandemic. CDC is working with partners to bring together weekly COVID-19 forecasts in one place.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Cases

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new cases.

Previous COVID-19 Forecasts: Hospitalizations

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new hospitalizations.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Hospitalizations

Learn about COVID-19 forecasts and modeling for new hospitalizations.

COVID-19 Forecasts: Deaths

CDC works with partners to bring together weekly forecasts for COVID-19 deaths in one place. These forecasts have been developed independently and shared publicly. It is important to bring these forecasts together to help understand how they compare with each other and how much uncertainty there is about what may happen in the upcoming four weeks.

CBD reduces plaque, improves cognition in model of familial Alzheimer's

A two-week course of high doses of CBD helps restore the function of two proteins key to reducing the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaque, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, and improves cognition in an experimental model of early onset familial Alzheimer's, investigators report.

Researchers use silkworm silk to model muscle tissue

Researchers are using silkworm silk to grow skeletal muscle cells, improving on traditional methods of cell culture and hopefully leading to better treatments for muscle atrophy.

How CDC is responding to SARS-CoV-2 variants globally

View a map showing reported SARS-CoV-2 variants from around the world. The map will be updated weekly, with data provided by the WHO.

Percent of Delivered First Vaccine Doses Administered by U.S. States and Territories

States and jurisdictions assess their efforts at vaccinating their community and monitor the percentage of the vaccine supply delivered that has been administered.

Crew Disembarkations through Commercial Travel

This webpage describes the criteria for and status of cruise ship response plans required for crew disembarkation with commercial travel.

New tool makes students better at detecting fake imagery and videos

Researchers have developed a digital self-test that trains users to assess news items, images and videos presented on social media. The self-test has also been evaluated in a scientific study, which confirmed the researchers' hypothesis that the tool genuinely improved the students' ability to apply critical thinking to digital sources.

Deforestation's effects on malaria rates vary by time and distance

Deforestation may cause an initial increase in malaria infections across Southeast Asia before leading to later decreases, a study suggests.

Characterizing different cell types in the upper gastrointestinal tract

Researchers identified and characterized rare cell types in the esophagus, stomach and upper part of the small intestine, using single cell RNA sequencing. They provide detailed gene expression analyses for all epithelial cells in these organs. Furthermore, they identified a rare cell type that is most likely responsible for the secretion of high volumes of water in humans, providing a link to gastrointestinal defects in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Therapy sneaks into hard layer of pancreatic cancer tumor and destroys it from within

Researchers demonstrated that a new tumor-penetrating therapy could enhance the effects of chemotherapy, reduce the spread of pancreatic cancer and increase survival in animal models.

Rare mutations may have big impact on schizophrenia pathology

Researchers have long searched for genetic influences in schizophrenia, a neurodevelopmental disorder that disrupts brain activity producing hallucinations, delusions, and other cognitive disturbances. However the disease's genetic mutations have been identified in only a small fraction -- fewer than a quarter -- of sequenced patients. A new study now shows that 'somatic' gene mutations in brain cells could account for some of the disease neuropathology.

COVID-19 Vaccination Toolkits

COVID-19 Vaccination Toolkits for Medical Centers, Clinics, and Pharmacies, Long-term Care Facilities, Essential Workers, Community Based Organizations

First infection of human cells during spaceflight

Scientists have described the infection of human cells by the intestinal pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium during spaceflight. They show how the microgravity environment of spaceflight changes the molecular profile of human intestinal cells and how these expression patterns are further changed in response to infection. The researchers were also able to detect molecular changes in the bacterial pathogen while inside the infected host cells.

Making the role of AI in medicine explainable

Researchers have developed a new tissue-section analysis system for diagnosing breast cancer based on artificial intelligence (AI). For the first time, morphological, molecular and histological data are integrated in a single analysis. Furthermore, the system provides a clarification of the AI decision process in the form of heatmaps.

Selected Adverse Events Reported after COVID-19 Vaccination

COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines, and these vaccines will undergo the most intensive safety monitoring in U.S. history. CDC recommends you get a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as you are eligible. Adverse events described on this page have been reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

Study reveals process to explain how maternal stress triggers idiopathic preterm birth

A research team has uncovered a molecular mechanism to help explain how psychological and/or physiological stress in pregnant women triggers preterm birth with no known cause.

New brain sensor offers Alzheimer's answers

Researchers have found an explanation for why Alzheimer's drugs have limited effectiveness and why patients get much worse after going off of them.

COVID-19 risk increases with airborne pollen, study finds

New research finds that when airborne pollen levels are higher, increased SARS-CoV-2 infection rates can be observed.

Five days of antibiotics fine for children with pneumonia: Study

The study, involving 281 Ontario children, found that 85.7% of those who received the short course of antibiotics and 84.1% of those who received the longer course of medication were cured two to three weeks later.

After a concussion: No more sitting in the dark?

First study to objectively document self-paced physical and cognitive activity post-concussion among youth suggests they may be able to engage in physical and cognitive activity as soon as tolerated post-concussion.

Interim Guidance for Businesses and Employers Responding to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), May 2020

The following interim guidance may help prevent workplace exposures to acute respiratory illnesses, including COVID-19, in non-healthcare settings. The guidance also provides planning considerations if there are more widespread, community outbreaks of COVID-19.

Why CDC Measures Vaccine Effectiveness

CDC and other partners will continue to assess how COVID-19 vaccines work in real-world conditions. Learn why CDC measures vaccine effectiveness.

Research pinpoints unique drug target in antibiotic resistant bacteria

Researchers have identified a critical mechanism that allows deadly bacteria to gain resistance to antibiotics.

Understanding the resilience of barrier islands and coastal dunes after storms

When a coastline undergoes massive erosion, like a hurricane flattening a beach and its nearby environments, it has to rebuild itself - relying on the resilience of its natural coastal structures to begin piecing itself back together in a way that will allow it to survive the next large phenomena that comes its way.

Life expectancy falling for adults without a bachelor's degree

Since 2010, people without a college degree have experienced an absolute rise in mortality. Yet, while the gap in the United States widened based on whether people had a four-year college degree, it narrowed based on race.

Speeding treatment for urinary tract infections in children

A study defines parameters for the number of white blood cells that must be present in children's urine at different concentrations to suggest a urinary tract infection (UTI). The findings could help speed treatment of this common condition and prevent potentially lifelong complications.

Study of coronavirus variants predicts virus evolving to escape current vaccines

A new study suggests current vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies provide less neutralizing activity against the U.K. and South Africa variants of SARS-CoV-2.

COVID-19 Serology Surveillance

CDC is working with state, local, territorial, academic, and commercial partners to better understand COVID-19 in the United States. Serology tests look for antibodies in blood. If antibodies are found, that means there has been a previous infection. Antibodies are proteins that can fight off infections.

How to Protect Yourself & Others

The best way to prevent COVID-19 infection is to avoid exposure to this virus and follow these everyday preventative actions.

New method could democratize deep learning-enhanced microscopy

Deep learning is a potential tool for scientists to glean more detail from low-resolution images in microscopy, but it's often difficult to gather enough baseline data to train computers in the process. Now, a new method developed could make the technology more accessible -- by taking high-resolution images, and artificially degrading them.

Study identifies resilience factors to mitigate burnout in college students

Researchers demonstrated that college students possessing a higher degree of resilience were less susceptible to burnout and psychological distress. By identifying learnable components of resilience, the study points to concrete ways that young adults can learn this vital characteristic, resulting in better mental health outcomes.

New inhibitor found to combat drug-resistant cancer cells

A new substance could improve the treatment of persistent cancers. Researchers have developed a new inhibitor that makes drug-resistant tumor cells respond again to chemotherapy. The new substance blocks a protein in the cancer cells that normally transports the cancer drugs back out of the cells.