Find out if you can board a flight to the United States

Answer a few questions to find out what is required to board a flight to the United States.

Operational Considerations for the Identification of Healthcare Workers and Inpatients with Suspected COVID-19 in non-US Healthcare Settings

Guidance for the Identification of Healthcare Workers and Inpatients with Suspected COVID-19 in non-US Healthcare Settings

Talking with the Patient - A Case Investigator's Guide to COVID-19

This document focuses on communication strategies for case interviews and provides suggested language for case investigators as they cover each topic area during an interview.

Coronavirus Self-Checker

Coronavirus Self-Checker is a tool to help you make decisions on when to seek testing and appropriate medical care.

Steps for Determining Close Contact and Quarantine in K-12 Schools

Infographic for identifying COVID-19 close contacts in K-12 school settings and public health recommendations for close contacts.

Notification of Exposure: A Contact Tracer's Guide for COVID-19

A Contact Tracer's Guide for COVID-19 focuses on communication strategies for contact interviews and provides suggested language for each topic area covered in an interview.

Considerations for Institutes of Higher Education

Explore CDC's considerations for institutes of higher education regarding COVID-19.

Overview of COVID-19 Isolation for K-12 Schools

Information about isolating for COVID-19 in K-12 Schools

COVID-19 Testing Overview

If you are a close contact of someone with COVID-19 or you are a resident in a community where there is ongoing spread of COVID-19 and develop symptoms of COVID-19, call your healthcare provider and tell them about your symptoms and your exposure.

Care for Breastfeeding Women

Find information on managing breastfeeding patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19.

Contact Tracing for COVID-19

This section provides steps and consideration that jurisdictions can use to develop a protocol for the tracing of close contacts.

Toolkit for Responding to COVID-19 Cases

Toolkit for K-12 school administrators with resources for responding to COVID-19 cases

COVID-19 Contact Tracing

COVID-19 Contact Tracing Training Guidance and Resources

Test for Current Infection (Viral Test)

Provides information on testing for coronavirus infection, including how to decide about testing, how to get a test, and what to do after a viral test.

Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Overview of Testing for SARS-CoV-2

Interim Guidance for Case Investigation and Contact Tracing in K-12 Schools

Learn what administrators of public and private K-12 schools should know about COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing.

Duration of Isolation and Precautions for Adults with COVID-19

This guidance outlines key considerations for states and healthcare systems to consider strategies for transferring patients, staff, and supplies between health facilities to optimize patient care, balance resources, and minimize use of crisis care standards. One option is the identification of relief healthcare facilities and establishing or coordinating with existing federal, state, or regional Medical Operation Coordination Cells (MOCC). The implementation of the elements highlighted in this guidance can be found in the Federal MOCC Toolkit reference throughout.

Contact Tracing

Contact tracing is used by health departments to prevent the spread of infectious diseased. In general, contact tracing involves identifying people who have an infectious disease (cases) and people who they came in contact with (contacts) and working with them to interrupt disease spread. For COVID-19, this includes asking people with cases to isolate and their contacts to quarantine at home voluntarily.

Testing Strategies for SARS-CoV-2

This guidance describes and compares different types of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) testing strategies, including their intended use and applications, regulatory requirements, and reporting requirements.

Information About Johnson & Johnson's Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine

J&J's Janssen COVID-19 vaccine is a viral vector vaccine that requires only 1 shot. Learn about safety data, efficacy, and clinical trial demographics.

COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shot

People who have had 2 shots of Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines may need to start receiving a COVID-19 booster shot 8 months after their second dose.

Information for Healthcare Professionals about Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Resources for Healthcare Professionals Caring for COVID-19 Patients

Interim Guidance for Managing Healthcare Personnel with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Exposure to SARS-CoV-2

Guidance to assist with assessment of risk, monitoring, and work restriction decisions for Healthcare Providers with potential exposure to COVID-19.

Strategies to Mitigate Healthcare Personnel Staffing Shortages

This guidance is to assist healthcare facilities in mitigating healthcare personnel staffing shortages that might occur because of COVID-19.

Interactive Ventilation Tool

Use this interactive tool to see how particle levels change as you adjust ventilation settings.

Publications about COVID-19 for Laboratories

Publications from CDC lab professionals during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak.

Domestic Travel During COVID-19

There are several things to consider when deciding whether it is safe for you to travel in the United States. This includes the following: is COVID-19 spreading where you're going, will you be in close contact with others, are you at higher risk of severe illness if you do get COVID-19, do you have a plan for taking time off from work or school, do you live with someone who is older or has a severe chronic health condition, and is COVID-19 spreading where you live?

Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 Vaccination

Answers to commonly asked questions about COVID-19 vaccines, including vaccine cost, availability, and types.

Health Equity in Action

Health Equity in Action

Potential Rapid Increase of Omicron Variant Infections in the United States

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified the potential for a rapid increase in infections of the new variant of SARS-CoV-2, the Omicron variant, in the United States.

Air Travel Toolkit for Airline Partners

Communication Toolkit for Airlines to inform Travelers and Crew

Reporting COVID-19 Vaccination Demographic Data

CDC's COVID Data Tracker provides COVID-19 vaccination data in the United States, including Demographic Characteristics of People Receiving COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States.

Pregnant and Recently Pregnant People

Pregnant people need to take steps to protect themselves and stay healthy during the COVID-19.

COVID-19 Vaccines Work

COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the U.S. are working well based on studies that have looked at how vaccines work in real-world conditions.

What You Should Know About the Possibility of COVID-19 Illness After Vaccination

COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. However, some people who are fully vaccinated will still get COVID-19 if they are exposed to the virus that causes it.

Requirement for Proof of COVID-19 Vaccination for Air Passengers

Noncitizen nonimmigrants must be fully vaccinated to travel by air to the US. Some categories of noncitizen nonimmigrants are excepted from the requirement but will need to fulfill other requirements.

Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 for School Administrators

Frequently asked questions about COVID-19 for school administrators based on CDC's guidance for K-12 schools

What You Should Know About COVID-19 Testing in Schools

What you should know about COVID-19 testing in schools.

Parents and Caregivers - What Is Your School Doing to Protect Your Child from COVID-19?

A set of questions parents can ask their school to learn more about their COVID-19 precautions. This page also includes answers to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) CDC is hearing from parents and caregivers.

Science Brief: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in K-12 schools

COVID-19 transmission in schools is associated with community transmission. Transmission spread within schools can be limited with strict implementation of layered mitigation strategies.

COVID-19 Vaccines that Require 2 Shots

If you receive a Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, you will need 2 shots to get the most protection.

Science Briefs

CDC is learning more about how COVID-19 spreads and affects people and communities. Learn more by viewing scientific briefs and agendas.

COVID-19 Vaccine Information for Specific Groups of People

Although the vaccine supply is currently limited, CDC is working toward making vaccines widely available for everyone at no cost. Learn more about your state's plan.

Possible Side Effects After Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine

COVID-19 vaccination will help protect you from getting COVID-19. Learn about possible side effects and some helpful tips to relieve side effects.

Selected Adverse Events Reported after COVID-19 Vaccination

COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective. Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines, and these vaccines will undergo the most intensive safety monitoring in U.S. history. CDC recommends you get a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as you are eligible. Adverse events described on this page have been reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

Reporting County-Level COVID-19 Vaccination Data

CDC's COVID Data Tracker provides county-level COVID-19 vaccination data in the United States. This site provides an integrated, county view of key data for monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. It allows users to explore standardized data

Getting Your CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Record Card

Information about how to get a CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Record card, what to do if you have documentation from vaccination in another country, and how to recognize vaccine card fraud.

COVID-19 Vaccines for People with Allergies

If you've had an allergic to any ingredient in an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, you shouldn't get either of the currently available mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.

COVID-19 Vaccines for Children and Teens

Kids 12 years of age and older can get the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to help protect against COVID-19. Get a vaccine for your child as soon as you can.

COVID-19 Vaccines for Older Adults

The risk of severe illness from COVID-19 increases with age, which is why the CDC recommends older adults receive COVID-19 vaccines.

People with Certain Medical Conditions

People of Any Age with Underlying Medical Conditions

What to Expect at Your Appointment to Get Vaccinated for COVID-19

Because COVID-19 is a new disease with new vaccines, you may have questions about what happens before, during, and after your appointment to get vaccinated. These tips will help you know what to expect when you get vaccinated, what information your provider will give you, and resources you can use to monitor your health after you are vaccinated.

Health Equity

Systemic health and social inequities have put people from racial and ethnic minority groups at increased risk from COVID-19. Take steps to reduce health disparities.

Different COVID-19 Vaccines

Overview of what you should know about the different COVID-19 vaccines, including vaccine types and how they work to provide protection against COVID-19, which vaccines have been authorized and recommended in the United States, and which are in Phase 3 clinical trials.

Information about the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine

The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is an mRNA vaccine that requires 2 shots, 28 days apart. Learn about safety data, efficacy, and clinical trial demographics.

COVID-19 Vaccination for Essential Workers

The CDC recommends essential workers be included among those offered the first supply of COVID-19 vaccines.

COVID-19 Vaccines for People with Underlying Medical Conditions

If you have an underlying medical condition, this can help you make an informed decision about getting a COVID-19 vaccination.

Guidance for SARS-CoV-2 Point-of-Care Testing

This CDC webpage provides guidance on the regulatory requirements for SARS-CoV-2 POC testing, using POC tests safely, and information on reporting POC test results.

Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Until more information becomes available, precautions should be taken in handling specimens that are suspected or confirmed for SARS-CoV-2.

What You Need to Know About Variants

Since November 2020, the United Kingdom (UK) has reported a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases in London and southeast England. This rapid increase in cases has been linked to a different version-or variant-of the virus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).

Communication Resources for COVID-19 Vaccines

COVID-19 vaccines communciation resources including print resources, graphics, social media, web widgets, and other communication tools.

COVID-19 Vaccines for People with Disabilities

This webpage provides information for people with disabilities or conditions that may increase their risk of getting and spreading COVID-19, and for their care providers.

Travel

This page includes information about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) for travelers and travel-related industries.

Schools and Childcare Programs

Schools & Childcare: Guidance for School Settings

Public Service Announcements (PSAs)

List of public service announcements related to coronavirus.

COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shot

People who have had 2 shots of Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines may need to start receiving a COVID-19 booster shot 8 months after their second dose.

Quarantine and Isolation

Quarantine after possible exposure to COVID-19 and stay home to monitor your health. Isolate when you have been infected with the virus and stay separated from others in your household.

What to Do if a Child Becomes Sick Or Receives A New COVID-19 Diagnosis At Your Child Care Program

This flowchart outlines what to do if a child becomes sick or receives a new COVID-19 diagnosis at your child care facility

Cases & Deaths by County

Find national and local rates for COVID cases and deaths in the United States.

Caring for Someone Sick at Home

Most people who get sick with COVID-19 will have only mild illness and should recover at home. Care at home can help stop the spread of COVID-19 and help protect people who are at risk for getting seriously ill from COVID-19.

COVID-19 Vaccines for Moderately to Severely Immunocompromised People

CDC recommends that moderately or severely immunocompromised people receive an additional dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine at least four weeks after a second dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.

Providing Spiritual and Psychosocial Support to People with COVID-19 at Home (Non-US Settings)

Help protect faith and community volunteers stay safe in the context of COVID-19, when providing spiritual and psychosocial support.

What To Do if You Are Sick

Steps to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 if you are sick

Travel and Vaccination Campaign: Social MediaToolkit for Partners

CDC created this digital communication toolkit to provide sample posts for anyone who's audiences might benefit from messages and materials on travel and vaccination.

Viral Testing Tool

Viral Testing tool, testing , results

Global COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious global health threat and CDC is committed to stopping the global spread. CDC has a long history of improving public health capacity throughout the world to contain outbreaks at their source and minimize their impact.

Testing Strategies for SARS-CoV-2

This guidance describes and compares different types of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) testing strategies, including their intended use and applications, regulatory requirements, and reporting requirements.

COVID-19 Overview and Infection Prevention and Control Priorities in Non-US Healthcare Settings

Infection prevention and control information for non-US healthcare settings and non-US national government officials working on COVID-19 response.

Microfluidics show promise as safer, simpler treatment option for severe neonatal jaundice

New research has led to a promising potential therapy for neonatal jaundice that's more safe, simple and convenient than the blood transfusions currently given to babies suffering from the most dangerous forms of the condition.

Scientists find first in human evidence of how memories form

In a discovery that could one day benefit people suffering from traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia, researchers have identified the characteristics of more than 100 memory-sensitive neurons that play a central role in how memories are recalled in the brain.

COVID-19 Testing Overview

If you are a close contact of someone with COVID-19 or you are a resident in a community where there is ongoing spread of COVID-19 and develop symptoms of COVID-19, call your healthcare provider and tell them about your symptoms and your exposure.

Chemoimmunotherapy dramatically improved survival of high-risk neuroblastoma patients

A recent phase II clinical trial results suggest that the monoclonal antibody hu14.18K322A could help change treatment of children with high-risk neuroblastoma.

Self-Testing

Learn more about how at-home testing and collection allow you to collect a specimen at home and either send it to a testing facility or perform the test at home.

COVID-19 Vaccines for People Who Would Like to Have a Baby

This page uses medical data and research to provide information to males and females who would like to have a baby while getting a COVID-19 vaccine.

Science Brief: Community Use of Cloth Masks to Control the Spread of SARS-CoV-2

CDC recommends community use of masks, specifically non-valved, multi-layer cloth masks, to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

COVID-19 Vaccines While Pregnant or Breastfeeding

Healthcare personnel who are pregnant or breastfeeding may get vaccinated for COVID-19, but there are many considerations that go into that decision.

Researchers crack the synthetic code of rare molecules sought after in drug development

A research team has succeeded in producing two molecules that are otherwise only formed by microorganisms from extremely contaminated wastewater in an abandoned mine in South Korea. The method, which took four years to develop, could pave the way for new types of drugs.

Long-range four-stranded DNA structures found to play a role in rare aging disease

A special form of four-stranded DNA, recently seen in human cells, has been found to interact with a gene that causes Cockayne Syndrome when faulty.

SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions

Variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, have been reported in many countries around the world. Learn more about the current variants of concern.

Minimal effort required: A ten-minute run can boost brain processing

Researchers found that as little as ten minutes of moderate-intensity running could benefit mental health. In study participants, both mood and cognitive functions improved, and the activation of bilateral prefrontal subregions associated with cognitive function and mood also increased. These results demonstrate the potential advantages of exercise prescriptions for various conditions including mental health treatment.

The sunshine vitamin that ‘D’elivers on cardio health

Free from the sun, vitamin D delivers a natural source for one of the hormones essential to our bodies, especially the bones. But when you're down on this essential nutrient, it's not only your bones that could suffer, but also your cardio health, according to new research.

Spaceflight wreaks havoc on liver metabolism

Researchers have demonstrated that microgravity and other environmental factors in space play different roles in inducing oxidative stress, which, in turn, alters the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds in the liver of mice. The study highlighted steps that can be taken, such as boosting antioxidant capacity with dietary supplements, to safeguard astronaut health.

Glucose control is a key factor for reduced cancer risk in obesity and type 2 diabetes

Good glucose control is important for reduction of cancer risk in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Large durable weight loss, as such, appears to afford protection against cancer, but with good glucose control the number of cancer cases also drops radically, a new study shows.

Cataract surgery linked with lessened dementia risk

Based on the longitudinal data of over 3,000 study participants, researchers found that subjects who underwent cataract surgery had nearly 30% lower risk of developing dementia from any cause compared with those who did not. This lowered risk persisted for at least a decade after surgery. Cataract surgery was also associated with lower risk of Alzheimer disease dementia specifically.

Discovering new drugs with help from Darwinian principles

Our body must constantly defend itself against bacteria and viruses. It generates millions of different antibodies, which are selected to recognise the enemy and trigger the best possible immune response. Scientists use these antibodies to for therapeutic purposes to target proteins and disrupt their harmful. However, identifying the small molecules that will form the basis of the drug is a long and tedious process. Chemists have now developed a technique inspired by the theory of Darwinian evolution: amplifying the best combinations and generating diversity allows biology to find solutions to new problems.

X-ray laser reveals how radiation damage arises

An international research team has used the X-ray laser European XFEL to gain new insights into how radiation damage occurs in biological tissue. The study reveals in detail how water molecules are broken apart by high-energy radiation, creating potentially hazardous radicals and electrically charged ions, which can go on to trigger harmful reactions in the organism.

Breastfeeding and Caring for Newborns if You Have COVID-19

Breastfeeding and Caring for Newborns if You Have COVID-19

Omicron Variant: What You Need to Know

Learn what you should know about the Omicron variant and how to protect yourself and others.

Nasal problem plagued long-nosed crocodile relatives

Research finds that humans have more in common with endangered crocodiles than we think -- namely, a deviated septum.

Probiotics improve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy

Researchers found that probiotics significantly improve the symptoms of pregnancy-related nausea, vomiting and constipation. Nausea and vomiting affect about 85% of pregnancies and can significantly impact quality of life, particularly during early pregnancy.

How you speak up at work can affect whether you’re picked for a team

Business leaders and management experts often encourage people to speak up in the workplace. Suggesting a creative idea or a more efficient way to work can help companies overcome challenges and meet goals. But new research shows another, more subtle and often overlooked form of speaking up has a big effect on the way work gets done and how teams come together.

Understanding mouthfeel of food using physics

Our understanding of how microscopic structure and changes in the shape of food affect food texture remains underdeveloped, so researchers from Denmark and Germany conducted a series of experiments relating food microstructure and rheology to texture. They used coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy to relate the molecular makeup of the fat in foods with the rheological and mechanical properties of the food. The foods in question: foie gras and pâté.

Printing technique creates effective skin equivalent, heals wounds

Researchers have developed an approach to print skin equivalents, which may play a future role in facilitating the healing of chronic wounds. They used suspended layer additive manufacturing, creating a gel-like material to support the skin equivalent that can then support a second phase of gel injection. During printing, the skin layers are deposited within the support gel. After printing, the team washed away the support material, leaving behind the layered skin equivalent.

ALS therapy should target brain, not just spine

The brain is indeed a target for treating ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), scientists have discovered. This flips a long-standing belief the disease starts in the spinal motor neurons and any therapy would need to target the spine as the key focus. The new study shows the brain degenerates early in ALS, sends warning signals and shows defects very early in the disease. Degeneration of brain motor neurons is not merely a byproduct of the spinal motor neuron degeneration, as had been previously thought.

Gene discoveries give new hope to people who stutter

Researchers describe a 'genetic architecture' for developmental stuttering and report the discovery of new genetic variations associated with the condition.

Predicting protein-protein interactions

Scientists have collaborated to build a structurally-motivated deep learning method built from recent advances in neural language modeling. The team's deep-learning model, called D-SCRIPT, was able to predict protein-protein interactions (PPIs) from primary amino acid sequences.

Where did western honey bees come from? New research finds the sweet spot

For decades, scientists have hotly debated the origin of the western honey bee. Now, new research has discovered these popular honey-producing bees most likely originated in Asia.

Brain drain: Scientists explain why neurons consume so much fuel even when at rest

Pound for pound, the brain consumes vastly more energy than other organs, and, puzzlingly, it remains a fuel-guzzler even when its neurons are not firing signals called neurotransmitters to each other. Now researchers have found that the process of packaging neurotransmitters may be responsible for this energy drain.

Immune system-stimulating nanoparticle could lead to more powerful vaccines

Researchers designed a new nanoparticle adjuvant that may be more potent than others now in use. Studies in mice showed it significantly improved antibody production following vaccination against HIV, diphtheria and influenza.

Overview of COVID-19 Isolation for K-12 Schools

Information about isolating for COVID-19 in K-12 Schools

COVID-19 Vaccines that Require 2 Shots

If you receive a Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, you will need 2 shots to get the most protection.

Daytime meals may reduce health risks linked to night shift work

A small clinical trial has found that eating during the nighttime -- like many shift workers do -- can increase glucose levels, while eating only during the daytime might prevent the higher glucose levels now linked with a nocturnal work life.

Getting Your CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Record Card

Information about how to get a CDC COVID-19 Vaccination Record card, what to do if you have documentation from vaccination in another country, and how to recognize vaccine card fraud.

Can seven questions determine how wise you are?

Researchers report that an abbreviated, seven-item scale can help determine with high validity a person's level of wisdom, a potentially modifiable personality trait that has been shown to have a strong association to well-being.

Whether people inform themselves or remain ignorant is due to three factors

People choose whether to seek or avoid information about their health, finances and personal traits based on how they think it will make them feel, how useful it is, and if it relates to things they think about often, finds a new study.

COVID-19 Published Science and Research

CDC is learning more about how COVID-19 spreads and affects people and communities. Read more about what we're finding out in our CDC publications, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report and Emerging Infectious Diseases.

Science Briefs

CDC is learning more about how COVID-19 spreads and affects people and communities. Learn more by viewing scientific briefs and agendas.

Elevated heart rate linked to increased risk of dementia

Having an elevated resting heart rate in old age may be an independent risk factor of dementia, according to a new study. Since resting heart rate is easy to measure and can be lowered through exercise or medical treatment, the researchers believe that it may help to identify people with higher dementia risk for early intervention.

Genes associated with hearing loss visualized in new study

Researchers have been able to document and visualize hearing loss-associated genes in the human inner ear, in a unique collaboration study between otosurgeons and geneticists. The findings illustrate that discrete subcellular structures in the human organ of hearing, the cochlea, are involved in the variation of risk of age-related hearing loss in the population.

Unlocking the cause of UTI-induced delirium

Researchers have found that blocking the action of a protein called interleukin 6 (IL-6), part of the immune system, could resolve the delirium that often accompanies urinary tract infection (UTI) in elderly patients. Their study could pave the way for clinical trials of IL-6 inhibitors as a treatment for UTI-associated delirium in humans.

Building a human body through gastrulation

Researchers offer a phylogenetic and ontogenetic overview of the primitive streak and its role in mediating amniote (vertebrate animals that develop on land) gastrulation, and discuss the implications of embryonic stem cell-based models of early mammalian embryogenesis on the function of this structure.

Adding single type of bacteria to gut microbiome boosted anti-tumor immunity in mice

Bacterium common in the mouse gut microbiome can charge up the immune system to fight cancer cells in the colon.

How CDC Determines the Level of a Country's COVID-19 Travel Health Notice

CDC notifies travelers and other audiences about health threats in destinations around the world through Travel Health Notices (THN). During the COVID-19 pandemic, CDC has also provided an interactive world map specifically showing COVID-19 travel recommendations by country.

Laws and Regulations

To help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and help our country cope during the pandemic, CDC has occasionally issued legally binding orders and regulations. They are listed here.

International Travel

Travel requirements have changed for all passengers traveling to the United States by air. Know what you need to do to board a flight to the United States.

Damaged telomeres in the elderly may increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2

DNA damage signaling induced by aging telomeres increases the expression of ACE2, the human SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor, scientists report.

Tracking the neurons that make us social

Human beings, like most mammals, need social interactions to live and develop. The processes that drive them towards each other require decision making whose brain machinery is largely misunderstood. To decipher this phenomenon, a team has studied the neurobiological mechanisms at stake when two mice come into contact through learning a task. They observed that the motivation to invest in a social interaction is closely linked to the reward system, via the activation of dopaminergic neurons.

Science Brief: Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant

Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant

How statistics can aid in the fight against misinformation

Mathematicians created a statistical model that can be used to detect misinformation in social posts.

Researchers attacking menacing ‘superbug’

Scientists around the world have been working in earnest to improve understanding of an increasingly virulent superbug, Clostridium difficile. The highly contagious hospital-acquired pathogen, designated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as one of the five most urgent threats to the U.S. healthcare system, causes more than 500,000 infections and 29,000 deaths each year at a total societal cost exceeding $5 billion.

Shining new light on elusive flying bats

How can we understand the activity of wild bats? Mostly soundless, flying in the dark, bats feed at night and evade our senses. Now, an international research team has developed a new non-invasive method 'bat point counts' by combining modern sensing technologies -- thermal, ultrasonic and near-infrared -- to detect, identify and count all bats flying around in a certain range.

Harnessing the organization of the cell surface

Scientists have developed a new method to determine how proteins are organized on the surface of cells. Insights gained with the technology could lead to the development of novel drugs to fight cancer.

Stroke may be triggered by anger, emotional upset and heavy physical exertion

A global study into causes of stroke has found that one in 11 survivors experienced a period of anger or upset in the one hour leading up to it. One in 20 patients had engaged in heavy physical exertion. The suspected triggers have been identified as part of the global INTERSTROKE study, which analyzed 13,462 cases of acute stroke, involving patients with a range of ethnic backgrounds in 32 countries.

Parent-teacher relationship vital to home schooling

A research survey of primary school teachers in England has emphasized the importance of the relationship between parents and primary schools during lockdown school closures. 84% of teachers said they felt some pupils were disadvantaged by their home circumstances.

Novel immune cell population may trigger inflammation in multiple sclerosis and other brain disorders

A group of immune cells that normally protect against inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract may have the opposite effect in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other brain inflammation-related conditions, according to a new study. The results suggest that countering the activity of these cells could be a new therapeutic approach for such conditions.

Researchers develop model for treating HIV/AIDS, depression

With a shortage of mental health professionals, an international team trained nurses to treat clinically depressed HIV-positive people in South Africa -- the HIV/AIDS capital of the world.

Eye imaging technology breaks through skin by crossing beams

Biomedical engineers have demonstrated a method for increasing the depth at which optical coherence tomography (OCT) can image structures beneath skin. The new 'dual-axis' approach opens new possibilities for OCT to be used in applications such as spotting skin cancer, assessing burn damage and healing progress, and guiding surgical procedures.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and artificial intelligence (AI) can detect early signs of tumor cell death after novel therapy

A recent study demonstrates that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to detect early signs of tumor cell death in response to a novel virus-based cancer therapy.

Distortion: Researchers discover new strategy for antibodies to disable viruses

It is widely understood that antibodies neutralize viruses by latching onto their surfaces and blocking them from infecting host cells. But new research reveals that this barrier method isn't the only way that antibodies disable viruses. An international team of researchers has discovered that antibodies also distort viruses, thereby preventing them from properly attaching to and entering cells.

Compound shows promise for minimizing erratic movements in Parkinson’s patients

A new study has identified a promising drug candidate to minimize uncontrolled, erratic muscle movements, called dyskinesia, associated with Parkinson's disease.

Testing Data in the U.S.

Testing in the U.S.

New way of identifying early risk of cardiovascular disease

The risk of developing cardiovascular disease is strongly associated with 'bad' LDL cholesterol. A large study now shows that two proteins that transport cholesterol particles in the blood provide early and reliable risk information. The researchers now advocate introducing new guidelines for detecting cardiac risk and say the results may pave the way for early treatment, which could help lower morbidity and fatality rates.

Targeting the brain’s immune cells may help prevent or treat Alzheimer’s disease

A gene mutation linked to Alzheimer's disease alters a signaling pathway in certain immune cells of individuals with the disease, according to a new study. The team also found that blocking the pathway -- with a drug that's currently being tested in cancer clinical trials -- protects against many features of the condition in a preclinical model. The results could lead to new strategies to block the development of Alzheimer's disease or slow its progression.

Effectiveness of ointment that kills antibiotic-resistant bacteria shown

New research shows that use of a topical drug, called AB569, a combination of acidified nitrite and EDTA (or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) promotes killing of antibiotic-resistant bacteria while enhancing the healing of wounds in a variety of burn injuries.

Research reveals new evidence that sugary beverage tax impacts are sustainable, effective

Two new studies based in Seattle provide evidence that public policies to reduce consumption of added sugars through taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages are effective and sustainable.

Within an Antarctic sea squirt, scientists discover a bacterial species with promising anti-melanoma properties

Biologists have successfully traced a naturally-produced melanoma-fighting compound called 'palmerolide A' to its source: a microbe that resides within Synoicum adareanum, a species of ascidian common to the waters of Antarctica's Anvers Island archipelago.

SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions

Variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, have been reported in many countries around the world. Learn more about the current variants of concern.

Researchers identify key RNA 'gatekeeper' in gene expression, pointing to possible new drug targets

Researchers have identified the first non-coding RNA that controls formation of chromosome loops, which govern gene expression. Jpx RNA was previously thought to be involved only in X chromosome inactivation, a necessary step in development of female embryos. This discovery could create new targets for drug developers.

High-speed holography of cells spots physical beacons of disease

Biomedical engineers have engineered a holographic system capable of imaging and analyzing tens of thousands of cells per minute to both discover and recognize signs of disease.

Discovery of a Stem-like T cell in type 1 diabetes holds potential for improving cancer immunotherapy

As an autoimmune disease, Type 1 diabetes raises important questions about immune cell activity that have broad implications for immunotherapy.

Biosensor barcodes identify, detail ‘chatting’ among cancer cells

Ever since the first barcode appeared on a pack of chewing gum in 1974, the now-ubiquitous system has enabled manufacturers, retailers and consumers to quickly and effectively identify, characterize, locate and track products and materials. Scientists now demonstrate how they can do the same thing at the molecular level, studying the ways cancer cells 'talk' with one another.

Unorthodox 'exercise in a pill' could offer simple solution for at-risk patients

Unique molecular signals in the body sent to our brain and potentially our eyes immediately after we exercise could be key to helping scientists 'bottle up' the benefits of exercise in a pill for at-risk patients.

Parental stress is a contributing factor linking maternal depression to child anxiety and depressive symptoms

A secondary analysis of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (Fragile Families) found a bi-directional relationship where a mother's mental health symptoms impacted the child's mental health symptoms and vice versa, according to researchers.

Footprints from site a at Laetoli, Tanzania, are from early humans, not bears

The oldest unequivocal evidence of upright walking in the human lineage are footprints discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania in 1978, by paleontologist Mary Leakey and her team. The bipedal trackways date to 3.7 million years ago. Another set of mysterious footprints was partially excavated at nearby Site A in 1976 but dismissed as possibly being made by a bear. A recent re-excavation of the Site A footprints at Laetoli and a detailed comparative analysis reveal that the footprints were made by an early human -- a bipedal hominin.

3D printing of blood plasma may speed up wound healing

New research suggests that effective wound healing may be aided by replicating a crucial component of our blood.

Successful treatment in mice for severe childhood cancer

In mice with high-risk neuroblastoma, tumors disappeared in response to a new combination treatment with precision medicines, a recent study shows. This is a vital step toward a potentially curative treatment for a form of cancer affecting young children that is currently difficult to treat.

'Transformational' approach to machine learning could accelerate search for new disease treatments

Researchers have developed a new approach to machine learning that 'learns how to learn' and out-performs current machine learning methods for drug design, which in turn could accelerate the search for new disease treatments.